seats are furnishings with elevated surfaces supported by legs, usually used to place one person. The seats are supported most often with four legs and have backs; However, chairs can have three legs or can have different shapes. Chairs are made from a variety of materials, from wood to metal to synthetic materials (eg plastics), and they can be padded or upholstered in different colors and fabrics, either on chairs (as with some dining room chairs) or across chairs. Chairs are used in a number of rooms in the home (eg in the living room, dining room, and nest), in schools and offices (with tables), and in various other workplaces.
The seat with no back or armrest is stool , or when it is raised, the bar stool. The armchair is armchair ; one with a coating, lying action, and a folding footrest is the seat . The permanent seat on the train or theater is seating or, in an airplane, an airline seat; while riding, it is a saddle or bicycle saddle; and for cars, car seats or baby car seats. The wheel is a wheelchair; or when hanging from above, a swing. The padded upholstery for two is a 'soft chair', while if for more than two people it is a sofa, sofa, or sofa; or if not coated, bench. Separate footrest for seats, usually coated, is known as ottoman, hassock, or pouffe.
Video Chair
Etimologi
The word seats comes from the early 13th century English chaere , coming "from Old French chaiere (" chairs, chairs, thrones ") (12c.; Modern French chaire "pulpit, throne;" simpler flavors have gone since 16c. With variant forms of chaise ). The Ancient French chaiere came "... from the Latin cathedra " the "seat"
Maps Chair
History
Chairs have been used since time immemorial, though over the centuries it is a symbolic article of state and dignity rather than an article for ordinary use. "Seats" are still used as a symbol of authority in the House of Commons in England and Canada, and in many other settings. In accordance with the historical connotation of this "seat" as a symbol of authority, the committee, the board of directors, and the academic department all have 'chairman' or 'chair'. Given professors referred to as chairs.
New in the 16th century seats became common. Until then, people were sitting on crates, benches, and benches, which were commonplace in everyday life. The number of seats saved from an earlier date is very limited; most examples come from ecclesiastical or seigneurial origins.
The chairs have existed since at least the Early Egyptian Dynastic Period. They are covered with cloth or leather, made of carved wood, and much lower than today's seats - the seat chairs are sometimes only 25 cm. In the seat of ancient Egypt it seemed to have great wealth and splendor. Made of ebony and ivory, or from carved and gilded wood, they are covered with expensive materials, superb patterns and supported by representations of the legs of the animals or the captives. In general, a higher rank of an individual, higher and more luxurious is the seat he occupies and the greater his honor. On occasion the state of the pharaoh sat on the throne, often with a small bench in front of him.
The average Egyptian family rarely has seats, and if they do so, usually only the host is seated in a chair. Among the better people, the chairs might be painted to look like decorated ornaments and carved into the chairs of the rich, but their skills are usually bad.
The earliest drawings of seats in China come from the mural and the sixth-century Buddhist stupas, but the practice of sitting on chairs was rare at the time. It was not until the 12th century that seats were widespread in China. Scholars disagree on the reasons for the adoption of seats. The most common theory is that chairs are the result of Chinese indigenous furniture, which evolved from a camp bench imported from Central Asia, introduced to China by Christian missionaries in the seventh century, and that the chair came to China from India as a form of Buddhist monastic furniture. In modern China, unlike Korea or Japan, it is not unusual to sit on the floor.
In Europe, it was very influential on the Renaissance that the chair ceased to be a state privilege and became a standard item of furniture for anyone who could afford it. Once the notion of privilege faded, the chair was soon used in general. Almost at once the seats start changing every few years to reflect the fashion of the day.
In the 1880s, seats became more common in American households and there was usually a seat reserved for each family member to sit down for dinner. In the 1830s, factory-made "luxury chairs" such as those made by Sears. Roebuck, and Co allow families to purchase machine tools. With the Industrial Revolution, seats became more available.
The 20th century saw an increased use of technology in the construction of chairs with things like all-metal folding chairs, metal legged chairs, Slumber Chairs, molded plastic chairs and ergonomic chairs. The lazy seats are becoming a popular form, at least in part because of radio and television.
The modern movement of the 1960s resulted in new forms of seats: butterfly chairs (originally called Hardoy chairs), pea bags, and egg-shaped chairs that changed. It also introduced the first mass-produced plastic chairs such as the Bofinger chair in 1966. Technological advances led to laminated plywood and wooden laminate chairs, as well as leather or polymer seats. The mechanical technology incorporated into the seats allows adjustable seats, especially for office use. The motors embedded in the chair produce a massage chair.
Materials
Chairs can be made of wood, metal, or other strong materials, such as stone or acrylic. In some cases, some materials are used to build seats; for example, legs and frames can be made of metal and the seat and back can be made of plastic. Chairs may have hard surfaces of wood, metal, plastics, or other materials, or some or all of these hard surfaces may be covered with upholstery or cushioning. The design can be made of porous material, or drilled with holes for decoration; low back or gap can provide ventilation. The back can extend above the head height of the occupants, which may optionally contain the headrests. Chairs can also be made from more creative materials, such as recycled materials such as cutlery and wooden bricks, pencils, plumbing, ropes, corrugated cartons, and PVC pipes.
In rare cases, chairs are made of unusual materials, mainly as an art form or experiment. Raimonds Cirulis, a Latvian interior designer, created a mountain chandelier that is handmade from volcanic rock. Peter Brenner, a Dutch-born German designer, has made a chair made of sugar lollipop - 60 pounds sugar confectioners'.
Design and ergonomics
The chair design considers the intended use, ergonomics (how comfortable it is for occupants), as well as non-ergonomic functional requirements such as size, stacking ability, folding ability, weight, durability, stain resistance, and artistic design. Desired usage determines the desired seating position. "Task chairs," or any chair meant to keep people working at tables or tables, including dining chairs, can only lay a little; if not, the occupants are too far away from the table or table. The dental chair should be tidied. An easy chair for watching television or movies is somewhere in between depending on the screen height.
Ergonomic designs distribute the weight of occupants to different parts of the body. A higher chair produces a hanging leg and increased pressure on the lower part of the knee ("popliteal fold"). It could also result in no weight on the foot which means heavier elsewhere. The lower seat can shift too much weight to the "seat bone" ("iskia tuberosity").
A back seat and back will shift the load to the back of the occupant. It may be more comfortable for some people to reduce weight in the seating area, but may be problematic for others who have bad backs. In general, if the occupants should sit for a long time, the weight should be lowered from the seating area and thus the "easy" seats intended to sit for long periods are generally at least a little lean. However, lying down may not be suitable for chairs intended to work or eat at the table.
The back of the chair will support part of the occupant's weight, reducing weight on other parts of the body. In general, the backrest comes in three altitudes: the lower back of the backrest supports only the lumbar region. The shoulder height supports the entire back and shoulders. Headrests support the head as well and important in the vehicle to prevent a whiplash neck injury in the back collision where the head jerked back unexpectedly. The lazy chair usually has at least a shoulder-height back to shift the load to the shoulder, not just the lower back.
Some chairs have a footrest. The other bench or simple chair may have a straight or curved straight bar near the bottom for the caregiver to put his feet on.
Some chairs have two arched wooden slats (also known as rockers) that stick to the bottom of the foot. They are called rocking chairs.
Kneeling chair adds additional body parts, knees, to sustain body weight. Seat seats are distributing most of the occupants' weight to feet. Many chairs are soft or have pillows. Padding can be in a chair chair, on a chair and back, or on a palm rest or footrest that a chair may have. Padding will not move the load to different parts of the body (unless the seat is very soft so that the shape changes). However, padding does not distribute weight by increasing the contact area between the chair and body. Hardwood chairs felt hard due to the point of contact between the occupant and the small chair. The same weight above the smaller area means greater pressure on the area. Spreading the area reduces the pressure at a certain point. Instead of padding, flexible materials, such as webbing, can be used instead with similar effects of distributing weight. Since most of the weight is supported behind the seat, the pads must be stronger than the front of the seat that only has the weight of the leg to prop up. Seats that have pads that have the same front and rear density will feel soft in the back area and difficult at the bottom of the knee.
There may be cases where padding is not desirable. For example, in a chair intended primarily for outdoor use. Where padding is not desired, contouring can be used instead. A contoured seat pot tries to distribute weight without padding. By matching the resident ass shape, the weight is distributed and the maximum pressure decreases.
The actual seat dimensions are determined by the measurement of the human body or anthropometric measurements. Two of the most relevant anthropometric measurements for seat design are high popliteal and long popliteal buttocks.
For someone sitting, the popliteal height is the distance from the bottom of the foot to the bottom of the thigh on the knee. Sometimes called "stool height". The term "sitting height" is reserved for height above the head while sitting. For American men, the median popliteal height is 16.3 inches (410 mm) and for American women 15.0 inches (380 mm). The popliteal height, after adjusting for heels, clothing and other problems, is used to determine the height of the chair seats. Seats that are mass produced usually have a height of 17 inches (430 mm).
For someone who sits, popliteal butt is the horizontal distance from behind most of the butt to the back of the lower leg. This anthropometric measurement is used to determine the depth of the seat. Seats that are mass produced usually have a depth of 15-17 inches.
Additional anthropometric measurements may be relevant for seat design. Hip hip used for wide seat and wide armrest. The height of the elbow rest is used to determine the arm height of the arm. The knee length is used to determine the "leg room" between rows of chairs. "Seat pitch" is the distance between rows of seats. In some planes and stadium leg room (seating less than the thickness of the seat on the thigh level) is so small that sometimes it is not enough for the average person.
For adjustable chairs, such as office chairs, the principles mentioned above are applied in adjusting the seat with each occupant. The caster wheel attached to the foot of the chair to provide more mobility. The gas springs are attached to the body of the seat to provide more altitude adjustment and convenience to the user.
Arm arm
Seats may or may not have armrests; chair with arm chair called "chair". In France, a distinction is made between fauteuil and chaise , the terms for seats with and without arm chairs, respectively. In Germany, a chair is once called Krankensessel, or a sick chair, because it is intended for people who are too ill to stand or sit without extra support.
If present, the arm arm will support part of the weight through the arm if the arm rests on the arm of the chair. The further seat arm has the function of making getting in and out of the chair easier (but from that side it becomes more difficult). The arm of the chair should support the forearm and not the sensitive elbow area. Therefore in some seat designs, the armrest does not extend to the rear seat, but is not in the elbow area.
A sofa, bench, or other seating arrangement next to each other may have armrests on the sides or armrests in between. The latter may be provided for convenience, but also for privacy (for example, on public transport and other public places), and on some park benches, to prevent homeless people from lying down or sleeping on the bench. The resting arm reduces the desired and unwanted attachment between the person sitting side by side. A particularly padded chair, has no armrest between two sitting positions.
See also the seat in the cinema, and the picture of the bench with and without armrests.
Seats
The seat seats vary greatly in construction and may or may not suit the rear seat construction (backrest).
Some systems include:
- Seats in the middle of where solid material forms chairs
- Solid wood, may or may not be in human contours
- Wooden slats, often seen in outdoor chairs
- Padded skin, generally a flat wooden padding coated with padding and contained in soft leather
- Doll fabric, similar to a layered leather
- Metal seats with solid or open design
- Molded plastic
- Stone, often made of marble
- An open middle seat where soft material is attached to the top of the chair leg or between the stretcher to form a seat
- Wicker, webbing to provide the surface by giving it
- Leather, can be fitted with a design
- Fabric, simple cover without buffer
- Ribbons, wide cloth tape dressed in chairs, spotted in lawn chairs and some old chairs
- Whip,
- Hurry, wrapped from haste, heavy paper, strong grass, or hand twisted while wrapped in cattails to form a seat, usually in a pattern of four trapezoidal encounters in the middle, and on rare occasions, in an intricate pattern
- Reed,
- Rawhide
- Splint, ash, oak or hickory strip woven
- Metal, Metal Mesh or wire mesh to form seats
Standard and specification
The design considerations for seats have been codified to standard. ISO 9241, "Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part 5: Work station layout and postural requirements", are the most common for modern chair designs.
There are some special standards for different types of seats. The gear seat is determined by ISO 6875. Bean bag seats are determined by the ANSI ASTM F1912-98 standard. ISO 7174 sets the stability of the rocking and tilting chairs. ASTM F1858-98 determines the plastic lawn chair. ASTM E1822-02b defines the combustibility of seats when they are stacked.
The Association of Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers (BIFMA) defines ANSI/BIFMA X5.1 (titled: General-Purpose Office Chairs - Tests) for commercial level seat testing. It specifies things like:
- seat strength 150 pounds (68 kg)
- seat stability if weight is transferred completely to the front or back foot
- 75 pound leg strength (34 kg) is applied one inch (25 mm) from the bottom of the foot
- 225 pound seat strength (102 kg) down from six inches (150 mm) above seat
- the power of the 100,000 125 pound (57 kg) seat cycles down from 2 inches (50 mm) above the seat
The specification further defines a heavier "proof" load to be borne by the chair. Under this higher load, the seat may be damaged, but should not fail simultaneously.
Large agencies that make large purchases will refer to this standard in more detailed purchasing criteria. Governments will often issue standards for purchases by government agencies (eg Canadian Canadian Standards Board CAN/CGSB 44.15M on "Straight Stacking Chair, Steel" or CAN/CGSB 44.232-2002 on "Duty Chairs for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals").
Seats can be judged on the length of time that can be used comfortably - 8-seat seats, 24-hour chairs, and so on. Such seats are specified for tasks that require a longer sitting time, such as for a receptionist or control panel supervisor.
Accessories
In place of the built-in footrest, some seats are equipped with matching ottoman. An ottoman is a short bench intended for use as a footrest but can sometimes be used as a bench. If matched with a glider seat, the ottoman can be mounted on the swing arm so that the ottoman rocks back and forth with the main glider.
The seat cover is a temporary cloth cover for the side seat. They are usually hired for formal occasions such as wedding receptions to enhance the attractiveness of chairs and decorations. The seat cover can be fitted with a decorative chair tie, ribbon to tie as a bow behind the seat. Blankets for couches and sofas are also available for homes with small children and pets. In the second half of the 20th century, some people used special clear plastic covers for expensive sofas and chairs to protect them.
Chair cushions are cushions for chairs. They contain cotton or foam for padding. Some decorative. In cars, they can be used to increase the height of the driver. The orthopedic backrest provides support for the back. Some manufacturers have patents over their design and are recognized by medical associations as a benefit. Car seats sometimes have built-in and customized lumbar support. It can also be used in kitchen chairs.
The seatbath is a pedestal intended to cover different types of flooring. They are usually made of plastic. This allows the chair on the wheel to roll easily on the carpet and protect the carpet or floor. They come in various shapes, some special sizes to fit partially under the table.
The remote control bag can be draped over an easy chair or sofa arm and used for remote control for home cinema. They are counter-weighted so as not to slide from the arm under the load of the remote control.
The seat launcher is attached to the foot of the chair to prevent them scratching or snagging on the floor.
As an art form and sculpture
The Broken Chair is a monumental statue in wood, constructed of 5.5 tons of wood, 12 meters (39Ã, ft) standing high across the road from the Nation's Palace in Geneva. It has broken legs symbolizing opposition to landmines and cluster bombs. In 2001, Steve Mann showed off a sculpture seat at the San Francisco Art Institute. The seat has a thorn drawn when a credit card is inserted to download a seating license. Then the museum and other galleries are equipped with a "Pay for Seat" seat, with a global center license license server located in Toronto. The first sitting session is free, with databases of people already using their free sessions.
In a performance section of the Republican Political Convention of 2012, Clint Eastwood discusses an empty seat, as if representing President Barack Obama (intended to be interpreted as MIA or ineffective). The address is controversial, whether it is poignant or strange. Japanese designer Tokujin Yoshioka has made several seats as an art form like "Honey-pop": honey-comb paper chair (2001), "Pane chair": natural fiber chairs (2006), "Venus": natural crystal chairs (2007).
In language
- The movie or story is said to "store one on the edge of the seat", if it is tense or interesting.
- If someone "almost fell out of their chair" after being told something, it is because they are shocked or shocked.
- An orchestra rewards the best player in a particular section of "seats" or "main seats" by virtue of ability. The first seat of the part plays the solo, and in the section of the string, defines the arch. In a professional orchestra, the first seat player receives a higher fee. It's also common for this position to be known as the "first stand", a reference to a portable podium in which the musicians put their music sheet. However, the person sitting in the first seat in the first violin section is usually referred to as a concertmaster in the US or a leader in England.
- In the academy, a given seat is a prestigious appointment for a professor, paid for by a special funding source.
- The seats are the highest officials of organized groups, such as the chairman of the board, the head of the Board of Directors within the company or nonprofit organization.
- "Musical seats" are general party games, and everyday expressions to describe people who move from chair to seat, around different locations, or from one job title to another.
- In American slang, saying someone will "get a seat" means saying that they will be executed by an electric chair. Or, it could be a metaphor for other harsh punishments.
See also
- List of seats for long list types, such as lift chairs, papasan seats, swivel chairs.
- Pose seats
- The squat chair
- Seated like a horse
- Sitting
- Splat (furniture), the central vertical element of the wooden chair behind
References
Further reading
- Definition of dictionary chairs in Wiktionary
- Ã, "Chair". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 5 (issue 11). 1911.
- de Dampierre, F. (2006). Chairs: A History. Harry N. Abrams. ISBNÃ, 0-8109-5484-2
- Fiell, C. (2005). 1000 Seats. (Issue 25). Taschen. ISBNÃ, 3-8228-4103-X
- Miller, J. (2009). Chairs. Conran. ISBNÃ, 1-84091-523-4
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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