The Windsor chair is a chair built with sturdy wooden chairs where the rear seats and feet are joined together, or pushed into a drilled hole, unlike the standard chairs, where the hind legs and rear uprights are continuous. Windsor chair chairs are often carved into shallow dishes or saddle shapes for comfort. Traditionally, legs and uprights are usually turned on at the pole lathe. The back and sometimes pieces of the arm (if the arm is present) are formed from pieces of wood that are bent in steam.
Video Windsor chair
History
It is not clear when the first Windsor Chair was made. It is known that, at the beginning of the 16th century, wheel makers began to tackle the rolling chairs in the same way as making wheellines. The design is probably the development of 'Stick-back' seats from West Country, Welsh and Ireland, but the evidence of origin is uncertain. It is thought that the first Windsor chair appeared in the Buckinghamshire area, where the main production center eventually moved to High Wycombe. The first Windsors are of the comb-back type. In the 18th century, the steam curvature was used to produce a distinctive "bow" from the Windsor chair. The first seats made in this way were sent to London from the Windsor market town of Berkshire in 1724. There is speculation that the seat got its name from the city of Windsor, which became the center of trade between the manufacturers and the London dealers.. So the name "Windsor Chair" is more to the style of the chair than where the chair was made, with various forms of Windsor chairs made around the world.
Traditionally there are three types of craftsmen involved in the construction of Windsor chairs, there are seats, artisans working in the woods and just making legs and litters, in pole latrines, for Windsor chairs. Then there are people who work in the small town or village workshop and will produce chairs, backsplats and other sawn parts. The last craftsmen involved are formers. The Shaper will take the component produced by the bodger and benchman and will assemble and finish the seat.
British settlers introduced the Windsor seat to North America, with the earliest known seats imported by Patrick Gordon who became lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania in 1726. There is speculation that the first American Windsor chair, based on traditional British design, was made in Philadelphia. in 1730.
Maps Windsor chair
Forms and constructions
There are about seven different forms. These include:
- Back-sack
- Hoopback
- Re-merge
- Continuous arm
- Low back
- Back again
- The fan back
It is common to find American Windsors made in the 18th century containing three different types of wood. Pinus, bass or tulip poplar used for seats. Hard non-porous hardwoods such as stiff and crunchy Maple, and used for undercarriage. Ring of porous species such as Oak, ash, and hickory all rive (split) and steam bend well. The wood is also grained straight and pliable and thus works well for slim parts like spindles.
The Windsor chair is an important part because it provides stability for the top and bottom. The thickness of the seat allows the feet to be securely attached to their respective sockets, providing an undercarriage with strength and stability. Wood that will provide temporary strength and stability is also possible to be formed, to achieve the desired look and feel, requiring strong durable wood, with interconnected grains, to provide the right characteristics. English Windsors typically have elm chairs because the interlocking grains provide good cross-grain strength that rejects separation where the hole is placed close to the edge of the seat. There is no satisfactory alternative to elm although other forests have been tried, for example, oak and ash in the UK and various types of pine in the United States. Due to the elm's strength compared to pine, poplar or bass tulips, the Windsor English chair seats are usually not as thick as American Windsors. The Windsor English chair seats are not burdened (or dished) as close as their American counterparts-partly because of the relative strength of elms, and partly because elms are relatively harder to sculpt than the softwoods chosen by American seat makers. Woodwrights use tools such as adze, scorp or inshave to form a concave, fitting shape, ergonomic over the seat.
The legs are stretched in the front and rear (rake) and side-to-side (splay) angles to provide real and visual support from the sitting person. Early seats made in America typically have a stretcher that connects the front and back of the foot and the stretcher that connects the two side litters, creating what is known as a "H" stretcher assembly. A common misconception about this association is that the stretcher holds the legs together so they do not get away from each other. In traditional Windsor designs, the pinned woven joints that connect each foot to the seat are strong enough to prevent the feet from crawling out. The stretcher system actually pushes the legs apart to maintain the necessary tension that reduces leniency.
"Through-hollow and sandwiched" is one of the main means of joining the parts of Windsor's chairs. A cylindrical or slightly tapered hole in the first part, a suitable cylindrical or pointed tip of the second piece is inserted into the hole as a round spine, and the slices are pushed to the tip of this tenon, stretching rapidly inside the hole. The excess portion of the slice is then cut flat to the surface. It supplies the mechanical grip that will apply when the glue fails. In general, the early Windsor seat joints are mechanically integrated, making glue a redundant detail in their assembly.
painted finishing
Early British Windsors were painted, later versions were stained and polished. American Windsors are usually painted, in the 18th century they were painted in bright colors, then painted in dark colors before being coated with linseed oil to protect the fragile paint. In the nineteenth century settlers from west-central America to Ontario, Canada will coat their chairs with solid basic colors of milk paint, a mixture of milk butter, turpentine and cow's blood.
During the early nineteenth century the United States produced a large number of chairs, in factories, and an experienced factory painter was able to paint seats in less than five minutes. In the Middle Ages, to save production costs, chairs were painted with solid colors with simple stencilling as the only design.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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