The American Craftsman style, or American Art and Craft movement, is an American domestic architecture, interior design, landscape design, applied art, and decorative art style and lifestyle philosophy that began in the last years of the century -19. As a comprehensive design and art movements remained popular in the 1930s. Nevertheless, in decorative arts and architectural design has continued with various resurrection and restoration projects to date.
Video American Craftsman
History
The American Craftsman style (along with a variety of European but related conceptual design movements) developed from the British Art and Craft movement that began as early as the 1860s.
The British movement reacted to the devaluation felt by the Industrial Revolution against individual workers and resulted in the deterioration of the dignity of human labor. This movement emphasizes handwork over mass production, with the problem that expensive materials and expensive skilled labor limit the acquisition of Art and Craft production to wealthy clients, often ironically derided as "champagne socialists".
While the American movement also reacts to Victoria's eclectic "over-decorated" eclectic aesthetic, the arrival of American-style Arts and Crafts coincides with the decline of the Victorian era. The American Art and Craft Movement shares the philosophy of reforming the British movement, encouraging originality, simplicity of form, local natural materials, and handicraft visibility, but distinguishing itself, especially in the style of Bungalow Craftsmen, with the aim of glorifying modest homes for the rapidly growing American middle class.
In the 1890s, a group of more influential Boston architects, designers and educators was determined to bring the design reform of the British Art and Craft movement to America. The first meeting, to hold a contemporary art exhibition, was held in January 1897 at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA). Attending the meeting were local museum guardians, including General Charles Loring, William Sturgis Bigelow, and Denman Ross; art collectors and customers; writers and art critics, such as Sylvester Baxter for Boston Evening Transcript ; and artists and architects, such as Ross Turner and Ralph Clipson Sturgis.
They successfully opened the first American Art and Craft Exhibition in April 1897 at Copley Hall, featuring more than 400 objects made by over 100 designers and craftsmen, half of them women. Some exhibition supporters include: founder of Harvard School of Architecture, Langford Warren; social reformers Richard Morris Hunt, Arthur Astor Carey, and Edwin Mead; and graphic designer Will Bradley.
The success of the exhibition led to the formation of The Society of Arts and Crafts in June 1897, with a mandate to "Develop and encourage higher standards in craft." The association focuses on the relationships of artists and designers with the world of commerce, and on high-quality workmanship.
The Society of Arts and Crafts Mandate soon expanded into a creed that reads:
This association was established for the purpose of promoting artwork in all branches of crafts. He hopes to bring Designers and Workers into mutual relationships, and to encourage workers to carry out their own designs. It seeks to stimulate in the workers' appreciation of dignity and good design value; to fight the popular impatience of the Law and Shape, and the desire for too much decoration and originality to be moral. This will require the need for calm and control, orderly arrangement, taking into account the relationship between the shape of the object and its use, and the alignment and fitness in the decorations placed on it.
In China, Art and Craft styles combine local wood, glass, and metalworks that create simple and elegant objects. In architecture, reacting to the luxury of Victorian-style architecture and mass-produced housing, this style combines a visible solid structure, clean lines and natural ingredients. The name of the American Craftsman movement comes from a popular magazine, The Craftsman, founded in 1901 by philosopher, designer, furniture maker, and editor Gustav Stickley. The magazine features original home design and furnishings by Harvey Ellis, Greene and Greene, and others. The design, though influenced by the ideals of the British movement, found inspiration in American special antecedents such as Shaker furniture and Mission Awakening Style, as well as the Anglo-Japanese style. The emphasis on the originality of artisans/craftsmen led to later design concepts of the 1930s Art Deco movement.
Maps American Craftsman
Design of craftsman architecture
Some developments in the domestic American architecture of that period can be traced not only to changes in taste and style but also to the shift from upper-class patronage to the middle class. The Victorian Americans typically take the form of a two-story square house with a hyphen roof in disguise behind a variety of two-storey bays, with a wide range of roofs and octagonal or rounded towers and a coverhouse featuring a complex facade. Typically, the rectangular house is also equipped with a rear wing complete with its own entrance, and a ladder, which houses the kitchen, kitchen and first floor kitchen and servants' quarters in seconds. Equipped with wood and low-quality hardware, and smaller bedrooms and lower ceiling heights, the Victorian kitchen-waiter wings embody the differences of the Old World's aristocratic class.
With a large bay, turret and rear wing removed, the front porch is simplified, and the ceiling is lowered slightly, not hard to see how Foursquare America evolved from the common American Queen Anne. Middle-class housewives of that era would not have domestic helpers (at least not staying at home) and would do a lot if not all the housework themselves, as well as supervising the children. This additional role makes it important that the kitchen is integrated into the main house with easy line of sight to the public areas of the main floor (dining room and family room) as well as to the backyard. Generally, the Victorian Waiting Kitchen is replaced with a built-in dining room cupboard, which gives home designers the opportunity to incorporate wood and glass crafts into the public aspect of the home.
Another common design development arising from a time-class shift is the "breakfast slit" in the kitchen. The Victorian kitchen of the previous era was separate from the views of families and daily routines. It usually has a work desk (has the same purpose of a modern desk) where the waiters will eat after a family meal is served and the kitchen is tidied up. The Victorian kitchen has no "decent" place for family members to sit, eat, or do anything else. Again, as housewives from the Craftsman era are now preparing family meals, the Victorian kitchen gives way to someone who is designed as the heart of everyday family life. A breakfast corner that is often placed under a window or in its own bay provides a place for families to gather anytime of the day or night, especially when food is being prepared.
Famous practitioner
In Southern California, Greene and Greene companies are the most famous practitioners of the original American Artisan Style, and are based in Pasadena, California. Their projects for Ultimate bungalows include Gamble House and Robert R. Blacker House in Pasadena, and Thorsen House in Berkeley - with many others in California. Other examples in the Los Angeles area include Lummis House and Journey House, both located in Pasadena.
In Northern California, architect Bernard Maybeck, with the Swedborgian Church; and Julia Morgan, with the Asilomar Conference Grounds and Mills College project, are well known for their well-planned and detailed projects in the Craftsman style. Many other designers and projects represent a style in the region.
In San Diego, California, that style is also popular. Architect David Owen Dryden designed and built many Craftsman California bungalows in the North Park district, now proposed Dryden Historic District. The 1905 Marston House of George Marston in Balboa Park was designed by local architects Irving Gill and William Hebbard.
Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the most important and productive architects of homes in the United States, is one of the founders of the Prairie School style, which is the development of the organic architecture of the American Craftsman style aesthetic and its philosophy for the middle class of quality. House design. Wright's career stretches through the Victorian, Chicago School, the American Craftsman, the Prairie School, the International style, and the Modernism movement. The Robie House is an example of Crafts Prairie from the American Craftsman.
In the early 1900s, developer Herberg J. Hapgood built a number of Craftsman-style homes, many of stucco, consisting of the Lake Lake, New Jersey lake district. Residents are called "Lakers." The houses follow a typical style, including bungalows and chalets. Hapgood finally went bankrupt.
General architectural features
- Low roofline, curved or hipped roof
- Overcast strongly
- Open ceiling or decorative brackets under the roof
- Front page under main roof extension
- Tapered, square column supports the roof
- 4-over-1 or 6-over-1 double-hung windows (New Craftsman's house may have a 2-over-1 or 3-over-1 window)
- The design motif of Frank Lloyd Wright
- Shingles
- Handmade or wooden stone
- Mixed material throughout the structure
- Symmetric
See also
- American Foursquare
- Bungalow
- California bungalow
- Mar del Plata style
Note
External links
- Craftsman Residence in South Pasadena by architect James V. Coane & amp; Partner
- The Craftsman Perspective - A site devoted to the Arts and Crafts architecture, featuring more than 220 photos of the house, including craftsmen and Missionary styles
- Hewn and Hammered - dedicated to discussions on American Arts & amp; Craft movement in art, architecture and design
- American Bungalow Magazine - dedicated to discuss renovation, restoration, refinement, and living in various types of bungalow style homes including Craftsman.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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