A rite of passage is a part ceremony that occurs when an individual leaves a group to go into another group. This involves a significant status change in society. In cultural anthropology the term is the Anglicisation of rite de passage, the French term inspired by the ethnographer Arnold van Gennep in his Les Rites de passage, the Pericope Rite. This term is now adopted fully into anthropology and also into the literature and popular culture of many modern languages.
Video Rite of passage
Original conception
In English, Van Gennep's first sentence in the first chapter begins:
Each larger community contains several separate groups separately.... In addition, all these groups break down into smaller communities in subgroups.
The population of the community belongs to many groups, some more important to individuals than others. Van Gennep uses the metaphor, "as a sort of house divided into rooms and corridors." A part occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another; in the metaphor, he changed rooms.
Van Gennep further distinguishes between "the secular" and the "sacred sphere." Theory that civilization is arranged on a scale implies that the lower level represents "the simplest level of development," he hypothesized that "social groups in such societies also have religious foundations." Many groups in modern industrial societies practice customs that can be traced to earlier sacred phases. Part between these groups requires ceremonies, or rituals of the transitional rites.
Van Gennep's other book presents a description of the transition rites and organization into the types, although in the end he is desperate to ever catch them all: "This is just a rough sketch of the enormous picture..." He was able to find some universal, two: "sexual separation between men and women, and magico-religious separation between the profane and the sacred." (Earlier the translators used secular for profane.) He refused credit for being the first person to recognize the type of rite. In his work he focuses on the groups and rites that may normally be faced progressively: pregnancy, childbirth, initiation, engagement, marriage, funerals, and the like. He mentions several others, such as territorial sections, border crossings into different cultural areas, such as where different religions apply.
Maps Rite of passage
Stages
The transitional rite has three phases: separation, liminality, and merging, as van Gennep explains. "I propose to call the rite of separation from the previous world, the early rite, executed during the transitional phase of the liminal ritual (or threshold), and the merging ceremony into the new world. > post-birth rite . "
In the first phase, people withdraw from their current status and prepare to move from one place or status to another. "The first phase (segregation) consists of symbolic behavior that denotes individual or group detachment... from a previous fixed point in the social structure." There are often detachments or "cuts" from the previous self in this phase, which is marked by symbolic and ritual acts. For example, hair cuts for someone who has just joined the army. He is "cutting away" the former self: civilians.
The transitional phase (liminal) is the period between countries, where one has left one place or country but has not yet entered or joined the next. "The liminality or liminal personae attribute (" threshold person ") is always ambiguous."
In the third phase (reaggregation or incorporation), this section is perfected by the subject of ritual. "After completing the rite and assuming their" new "identity, a person reentered the society with a new status.Recorporations are characterized by rituals and ceremonies, such as debutant balls and college graduations, and by outside symbols of new ties: thus" in rites merging there is widespread use of 'sacred ties', 'sacred ropes', knots, and analogous forms such as belts, rings, bracelets and crowns. "
Psychological effects
Laboratory experiments show that heavy initiation produces cognitive dissonance. It is theorized that such dissonance enhanced the group's appeal among initiates after the experience, arising from the internal justification of the effort used. Prizes during initiation have important consequences in initiation that feel more appreciated expressing a stronger group identity. In addition to group appeal, initiation can also generate conformity among new members. Psychological experiments also show that initiation enhances feelings of affiliation.
Culture
Initiation rituals are seen as fundamental to human growth and development and socialization in many African communities. These ritual ritual functions mark the transition of a person to full group membership. It also connects individuals with communities and communities to a wider and more powerful spiritual world. Initiation ritual is "a natural and important part of a community, just as the arms and legs are the natural and necessary extension of the human body." These rites are related to the development of individuals and society. Dr. Manu Ampim identified five stages; rites for birth, rite into adulthood, rites to marriage, rites to elders and rites to ancestors. In Zulu culture entering femininity is celebrated by Umhlanga.
Types and examples
The rite of passage is diverse, and is found in many cultures around the world. Many western rituals may look like rituals of attestation but lose some important structural and functional components. However, in many indigenous and African-American communities, the traditional Rites of Passage program is conducted by community-based organizations such as Man Up Global . Usually the missing part is social recognition and reincarnation phase. Adventure Education Programs, such as Outward Bound, are often described as potential transition rites. Pamela Cushing studied its ritual effects on young adolescents at the Canadian Outward Bound School and found that the ritual impact of the aisles was diminished by the lost reincarnation phase. Bell (2003) presented more evidence of this third, lesser stage and described the "Contemporary Adventure Model of the Rites of Passage" as a modern and weaker version of the transitional rite normally used by outdoor adventure programs. For non-religious people, Rites of Passage is also important. They mark important changes in their lives and they help guide them.
Arrival
In various tribal societies, entering the age-class - generally separated by sex - (unlike the set of ages) is characterized by initiation rites, which may be a lengthy and complicated preparation preparation, sometimes in retreats.
Religion
Military
- The Officers' Training Camp and School Candidate is a rite of passage from civilian life to the military. At the United States Naval Candidate School and United States Marine Corps, Drill Instructors create stress as a form of training.
- Blood wings
- Crossing event line
- Krypteia , a ritual involving the young Spartans, part of the Spartan educational regime.
- Ephebeia, training period for young Athenians
- Wet. In the US Navy and Royal Navy, is a ceremony in which naval officers throw a party for their colleagues while receiving promotion.
Academic
- Graduation
- Matura
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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