Freediving , free dive , free dive , rescue training with a breath > is a form of underwater diving that relies on the ability of divers to hold their breath up to reappear from using a breathing apparatus such as diving equipment.
In addition to the limits of holding the breath, immersion in water and exposure to high ambient pressure also has physiological effects that limit the depth and duration that may be in freediving.
Examples of freediving activities are: traditional fishing techniques, competitive and non-competitive freediving, competitive and non-competitive spearfishing and freediving photography, pool synchronization, underwater football, underwater rugby, underwater hockey, underwater target shooting and snorkeling. There are also various disciplines of "competitive apnea"; where competitors try to reach depth, time, or distance away on one breath.
Historically, the term free diving is also used to refer to scuba diving, as freedom moves in comparison with the dive provided surfaces.
Video Freediving
Histori
In ancient times, freediving without the aid of mechanical devices was the only possibility, with the exception of occasional use of reeds and skin-breathing pouches. Divers face the same problems as current divers, such as decompression and fainting sickness while holding your breath. Freediving is practiced in ancient cultures to collect food, harvest resources such as sponges and pearls, regain lost valuables, and assist military campaigns.
In Ancient Greece, both Plato and Homer mention sponges used for bathing. Kalymnos Island is a major diving center for sponges. Using 15 kilograms (33 pounds) of weights to accelerate the decline, the breath-taking diver will drop to 30 meters (98 feet) deep to collect the sponge. Harvesting of red coral is also done by divers.
The Mediterranean has a large maritime trade. As a result of shipwrecks, especially in ferocious winter storms, divers are often employed to rescue whatever they can from the seabed. The diver will swim to the wreck and choose the most valuable pieces to be saved.
Divers are also used in battle. Defenses against ships are often made, such as underwater barricades, and therefore divers are often used to search the seabed when the ship is approaching an enemy port. If a barricade is found, it's a diver used to dismantle them, if possible. During the Peloponnesian War, divers were used to pass the enemy's blockade to deliver messages and supplies to allied troops or troops, and in 332 BC, during the Tire Siege, the city used divers to bypass Alexander's anchor cable attacking the ship.
In Japan, ama divers began collecting pearls about 2,000 years ago. For thousands of years, most sea water pearls were taken by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in areas such as the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and Mannar Bay (between Sri Lanka and India). A fragment of Isidore of Charax's Parthian itinerary is stored in Athenseus in the 3rd century Sophist at Dinner, recording freediving for pearls around the island in the Persian Gulf.
The pearl divers near the Philippines also managed to harvest large pearls, especially in the Sulu Islands. Sometimes, the greatest pearl belongs to law to the sultan, and selling it can result in the death penalty for the seller. Nevertheless, many pearls managed to get out of the archipelago in secret, and eventually belonged to the wealthiest family in Europe. Pearling is popular in Qatar, Bahrain, Japan, and India. The Gulf of Mexico is also known for its pearls. Native Americans harvest freshwater pearls from lakes and rivers such as Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi, while others dive for sea pearls from the Caribbean and waters along the coasts of Central and South America.
In 1940, Dottie Frazier spearheaded freediving for women and also began teaching classes. It was also during this time that he began designing and selling rubber garments for Navy UDT divers.
Maps Freediving
Freediving Activities
Hunting hunting and gathering
Spearfishing
Spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing that has been used worldwide for thousands of years. Early civilizations were accustomed to the habit of catching fish from rivers and streams using sharp sticks.
Today modern spearfishing uses speargun and elastic-powered sling, or compressed pneumatic gas speargun, to attack the hunted fish. Special techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments and target fish. Spearfishing can be done using free diving techniques, snorkeling, or scuba diving. Spearfishing when using scuba equipment is illegal in some countries. The use of mechanically powered speargun is also prohibited in some countries and jurisdictions. Spearfishing is highly selective, usually does not use bait and has no side catch.
Sea shellfish
Long-lasting fountain
Aquathlon
Aquathlon (also known as underwater wrestling) is an underwater sport where two competitors wear masks and fins wrestle under water in an attempt to release the ribbon from their respective bracelets to win the battle. The "battle" takes place in a 5-meter (16ft) square ring inside the pool, and consists of three 30-second rounds, with a fourth round played in a tie event. This sport originated during the 1980s in the former Soviet Union (now Russia) and was first played on the international level in 1993. It was acknowledged by the Confirmation of Mondiale des Actività © s Subaquatiques (CMAS) in 2008.
Competitive Spearfishing
Competitive spearfishing is defined by the CMAS that governs the world as "underwater hunting and fishing without the aid of an artificial respirator, using equipment that is entirely dependent on the competitor's physical strength." They publish a set of competition rules used by affiliated organizations.
Swim sync
The synchronized pool is a hybrid form of swimming, dancing, and gymnastics, consisting of swimmers (either solos, duets, trios, combos, or teams) that perform synchronized routines of intricate movements in the water, accompanied by music. A synchronous pool demands sophisticated water skills, and requires strength, endurance, flexibility, elegance, artistry, and timing, as well as breathless control when inverted under water. As long as the elevator swimmers are not allowed to touch the bottom.
Traditionally it is a women's sport, but after the addition of a new mix-up event, the FINA World Aquatics competition is open to men since the 2015 16th Championship in Kazan, and other international and national competitions allow male rivals in every event. However, men are currently still banned from competing in the Olympics. Both USA Synchro and Canadian Sync enable men to compete with women. Most European countries also allow men to compete, and France even allows male podiums only, according to the number of participants. In the last decade, more and more men are involved in the sport and the global biennial competition called the Men's Cup has continued to grow.
Swimmers perform two routines for the jury, one technical and one free, as well as routines and age group figures. The synced pools are individual and team sports. Swimmers compete individually over the numbers, and then as teams during the routine. Numbers consist of a combination of skills and positions that often require control, strength, and flexibility. Swimmers are ranked one by one for this part of the competition. Routines involve teamwork and synchronization. It was choreographed to music and often has themes. The synchronized pool is organized internationally by FINA (FÃÆ' Â © dation Internationale de Natation).
Underwater Hockey
Underwater Hockey, (also called Octopush (especially in Great Britain)) is a globally restricted contact exercise where two teams compete to maneuver the puck at the bottom of the pool to the opposing team by pushing it with the pusher. It originated in England in 1954 when Alan Blake, founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, discovered a game he called Octopush as a means to keep club members interested and active during the winter months when diving in the open water was lost. its appeal. Underwater Hockey is now played around the world, with Confà © à © à © à © ration Mondiale des Actività ©  © Subaquatiques, abbreviated CMAS, as the world governing body. The first Underwater Hockey Championships were held in Canada in 1980 after a false start in 1979 brought about by international politics and apartheid.
Underwater football
Underwater football is a two-team underwater sport that shares common elements with underwater hockey and underwater rugby. Like both games, he is played in a swimming pool with snorkeling equipment (mask, snorkel, and flippers). The goal of the game is to maneuver (by carrying and passing) a slightly negative negative ball from one side of the pool to the other by players who are completely submerged underwater. Scoring is achieved by placing the ball (under control) in the gutter at the side of the pool. Variations include using a rubber torpedo toy as a ball, and weighing the bucket to rest at the bottom and serve as a goal.
It is played in the provinces of Alberta Canada, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador and Saskatchewan.
Underwater rugby
Underwater rugby is an underwater team sport. During the game, the two teams try to score a positive floating ball (filled with salt water) into the opposing goal at the bottom of the pool. It stems from within the physical fitness training regime that existed at German dive clubs during the early 1960s and has little in common with rugby football except for the name. It was acknowledged by the Confirmation of Mondiale des Actività © s Subaquatiques (CMAS) in 1978 and first played as a world championship in 1980.
Underwater target shooting
Underwater target shooting is an underwater exercise that tests competitors' ability to accurately use the speargun through a series of individual and team events conducted in the pool using free diving or Apnea techniques. The sport was developed in France during the early 1980s and is currently practiced mainly in Europe. This is known as Tir surcible subaquatique in French and as Tiro al Blanco SubacuÃÆ'¡tico in Spanish.
Competitive apnea
Current competitive freediving is governed by two world associations: AIDA International (International Association for Apnea Development) and CMAS (Confucian dalation of Mondiale des Actività © s Subaquatiques - World Underwater Federation). Historically, there is a third organization - IAFD (International Association of Freedivers). Each organization has its own set of rules to recognize the listing effort that can be found on the organization's website. In addition to competitive discipline there is a record of disciplines that are not held in the competition, which is just to set a world record. There is a third organization that besides AIDA and CMAS leads the discipline of record and that is Guinness.
Almost all types of freedom of competition have in common that it is an individual sport based on the best individual achievement. The exception to this rule is the bi-annual World Championships for Teams organized by AIDA, where the combined score of team members constitutes the team's total points and the Skandalopetra diving competition hosted by CMAS, the only 'team' event in freediving - for which team which is formed by two athletes: one part as apneista (Voutichtis, diver) and the other acts as a regional assistant (Kolaouzeris; person who "extracts").
Discipline
There are currently eleven recognized disciplines defined by AIDA and CMAS, and a dozen more that are only practiced locally. All disciplines can be practiced by men and women and only CMAS is currently separating records in clean water from the one in the ocean. The discipline of AIDA can be done both in competition and as a record-keeping effort, with the exception of the Weight of Variables and Unlimited, both of which are solely for recording effort. For all AIDA depth disciplines, the depth at which the athlete will attempt testing is announced before the dive; this is a well-accepted practice for competition and record-keeping efforts. Most divers choose monofin over bifin where there is a choice.
- Discipline overview at
BF - BiFins, MF - MonoFin
Rekor dunia
Note 1: The best official result on STA is Guinness WR 11:54 by Branko Petrovi? in 2014, a freediver that has results in STA more than 10 minutes under AIDA and CMAS.
Note 2: The best NLT result is 253.2 million by Herbert Nitsch in 2012; the intention to dive approved by AIDA failed because of the sponsoring conflict.
Note 3: After 2001-12-31 AIDA International no longer separates the records reached on the lake from them at sea.
AIDA recognized world records
On September 28, 2017, AIDA's recognized world records are:
CMAS recognized world records
On October 22, 2017, CMAS recognized world records are:
Guinness recognizes world records
Note: Only discipline is a modification of the existing AIDA or CMAS and Guinness-exclusive discipline (because it recognizes and inherits some AIDA/CMAS) or Guinness-pregnant notes (CMAS and AIDA conduct disciplinary sanctions at some time). Site Starting January 20, 2018
Recreation
Freediving is also a leisure activity, celebrated as a relaxed, liberating and unique experience that differs significantly from scuba diving. The advantages of having freediving over scuba diving are:
- less equipment to use
- mobility and greater speed, but for a much more limited period.
- lower dive costs
- shorter preparation time
- there is no decompression time for deep dives, (although it is possible to get decompression, or taravana, from free-dive in repetitive with short surface intervals).
- greater visibility in the upward direction due to lack of air bubbles released compared to scuba open circuits
- no annoying respiratory disturbances, which can be very hard on scuba open circuits, although rebreathers are much quieter
- more time in the water because air tank refilling is not required
Trained, highly trained, and highly fit Freedivers can often dive as far as recreational divers, and sometimes deeper, but for a very short time. Scuba diving recreation is generally limited by divers certification up to a maximum of 40 meters, for safety reasons. Recreational divers who dive into deeper depths are generally expected by certification agencies to have technical divers training, while freediving is limited only by the ability of divers and willingness to accept risks. The risk of freediving to this depth is significant, and the main difference is that recreational scuba certification bodies set depth restrictions to avoid responsibility issues, while freedivers are allowed to make their own choices regarding risk acceptance. Freediving recreation is practiced by many people ranging from average snorkeler to professional freediver. Free recreation is also often done in fresh water springs due to excellent visibility.
Freediving into the caves of spring and cave is very different from diving in the sea or other open water (water with unobstructed vertical access to the surface). Although each spring cave is unique, this is a common distinction:
- Diver lights are usually required.
- The freediver usually has to swim laterally to get out of the cave before rising to the surface.
- Freedivers can also attract large rocks or cave structures for incoming/outgoing caves.
- Freedivers should avoid mud agitation so that visibility is not lost.
- To save energy/oxygen, if possible, currents should be avoided when entering the cave, but can be used to help out of the cave.
- If the freediver penetrates the cave so far, surface light is gone, proper navigation and the introduction of parts is very important along with the light of the backup dives.
- If large air bags are found in the cave, they are usually not safe to breathe.
- Usually monofin is not practical to use because of limited space.
- Some cave passages are so small that a shorter fin is better to use than a long freediving fins.
- The risk of drowning when freediving in an overhead environment increases significantly. The loss of light, superficiality, loss of guidance in darkness and other forms of disorientation may have fatal consequences.
The time that a freediver can spend underwater on a single trip is very limited compared to scuba, and a much greater fitness level is required for longer breathing times. A scuba diver generally has sufficient time to recover from a minor disorientation incident in a cave, as there is sufficient gas breathing to perform recovery procedures. This is not available for freedivers, which have only oxygen still available in their systems.
Physiology
The human body has some oxygen-conservation adaptations that manifest under diving conditions as part of a mammalian dive reflex. Adaptations include:
- Bradycardia Reflex: Significant decrease in heart rate.
- Blood shift: The flow and volume of blood are redistributed to vital organs via reflex vasoconstriction. The blood vessels dilate and become enlarged, which in the case of pulmonary capillaries helps with pressure compensation that comes with increasing depth of diving, and without it a chest cavity that contains mostly air will collapse due to lack of adherence.
- Body-cooling: the result of peripheral vasoconstriction in cooling peripheral tissue coating, which decreases their thermodynamic oxygen demand. In addition, Murat et al. (2013) recently found that holding the breath resulted in rapid and substantial brain cooling, as in birds and seals. (Dry) breath-holding cooling results on the order of about 1 Ã, Â ° C/min, but this may be greater with cold water immersion, proportional to the magnitude and accuracy of the dive response.
- Splenic Contractions: Releases red blood cells that carry oxygen.
Technique
The ability to hold the breath, and therefore diving performance, is a function of oxygen storage on board, space for reducing metabolic rate, efficient use of oxygen, and hypoxic tolerance. Various athletes seek to achieve this in various ways. Most divers rely on improving fitness by increasing lung capacity. Some use "packing", which increases lung volume beyond the normal total lung capacity. Simple breathing exercises are very effective at increasing lung capacity. In addition, training is allocated to increase blood and muscle oxygen storage, to some extent.
Training
Training for freediving can take many forms, some of which can be done on land.
One example is the path of apnea. It consists of a "breathing" preparation, followed by a short breath (usually 1 minute) taken at rest. Without breaking the hold, participants then start walking as far as they can, until it needs to breathe again. Athletes can practice up to 400 meters in this way.
This form of training is good for training muscles working under anaerobic conditions, and tolerance to the formation of CO 2 in the circulation. It is also easy to measure progress, as distances can be measured.
Before the competition tries, freedivers perform a preparatory sequence, which usually consists of physical stretching, mental exercise and breathing exercises. This may include a long variable static apnea succession and special deep breaths. The results of the preparatory sequence are slower metabolism, lower heart rate and breathing rate, and lower levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream and overall mental balance.
Security
Dangers
Risk
Failure to respond to physiological warning signals or cross the mental barrier with a strong will can lead to blackouts or reach the surface. Trained coaches are well aware of this and the competition must be held under strict supervision and with first aid of competent standby. However this does not eliminate the risk of power outages. Freedivers is recommended to just dive with the 'friends' who accompany him, observe from the water on the surface, and ready to dive to save if the diver loses consciousness during the climb. Due to the nature of the sport, any freediving practice should include strict adherence to security measures as an integral part of the activity, and all participants must also be proficient in rescue and resuscitation. Without proper training and supervision, competitive dives/dives/breaths are very dangerous.
Important statistics and crashes
Nicholas Mevoli, a diver from New York died on November 17, 2013 after losing consciousness on the surface from diving 3 minutes 38 seconds to a depth of 72 meters during an official record attempt in the "constant weight without flippers" event. He had previously reached a deeper depth and a longer time in other fields.
Fiction and documentary
Documentary
- Ocean Men (2001) is a documentary on art and science of freedom, featuring two of the most prominent exponents: Francisco "PipÃÆ'n" Ferreras and Umberto Pelizzari.
Fiction
In a Mission Impossible - Rogue Nation movie, Tom Cruise plays a Super Ethan Hunt spy against evil forces, and goes freediving in a scene to expose the criminals. John Steinbeck's (1947) The Puppet (1947) is a novel about the poor pearl divers, Kino, who found the precious 'Pearl of Heaven', changing his life forever. This novel explores the themes of human nature as well as greed and evil.
Trivia
Guinness holds the record for the longest kiss owned by Nik Linder (20:11 min, Mar 2012).
See also
- British Freediving Association
- Nordic Deep
- Vertical Blue
- Skandalopetra diving
References
Further reading
- DeeperBlue.com (2016) Beginner's Guide to Freediving , published by DeeperBlue.com
- Callagy, Feargus (2012) Beginner's Guide to Freediving , e-books published by DeeperBlue.com
- Donald, Ian (2013) Underwater foraging - Freediving for food , Createspace publishing, USA. ISBN 978-1484904596
- Farrell, Emma (2006) Breath One: A Reflection on Freediving , photo by Frederic Buyle, Pynto Ltd., Hatherley, UK: ISBNÃ, 0-9542315-2-X
- Pelizzari, Umberto & amp; Tovaglieri, Stefano (2001) Manual Freediving: Underwater on one breath , English translation 2004 by Idelson-Gnocchi Ltd., Reddick, FL: ISBNÃ, 1928649270
- Severinsen, Stig A. (2010) Breathology: Respiratory Art , Idelson-Gnocchi Ltd., Reddick, FL: ISBNÃ, 978-1928649342
- James Nestor (2015) "Far: Freediving, Renegade Science, and What the Ocean Says About Us", Eamon Dolan/Mariner Books New York, NY: ISBNÃ, 978-0544484078
External links
- AIDA International
- Cartographic collaboration of freediving spots/Cartographie collaborative des spot apnÃÆ' Â © e (in French)
- The DeeperBlue website
- Beginner's Guide to Freediving - published by DeeperBlue.com
- FreedivingCourses.com - how to find Freediving instructors and diving centers around the world
- DiveWise.Org - non-profit organization dedicated to freediving education and safety
- Explore Freediving - Freediving and Snorkeling Events and instructors directory
- Freediving Spots
- Borgosub.fr French Association to promote Wreck freediving
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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