Fencing

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Fencing is a group of three combat related sports. Three disciplines in modern fencing are foil, ÃÆ' Â © pÃÆ' Â © e, and swords; Winning points are made through contact with the opponent. The fourth discipline, singlestick, appeared at the 1904 Olympics but was dropped thereafter, and was not part of a modern fence. Fencing is one of the first sports to be played in the Olympics. Based on the traditional skills of swordsmanship, modern sports emerged in the late 19th century, with Italian schools that have modified the classic historical martial arts from classical fencing, and French schools later perfected the Italian system. There are three forms of modern fencing, each using different types of weapons and having different rules, in this way the sport itself is divided into three competitive scenes: foil, ÃÆ' Â © pÃÆ' Â © e, and saber. The most competitive fencers choose to specialize in just one weapon.

Competitive fencing is one of five activities that have been featured in every modern Olympics, the other four being athletics, cycling, swimming, and gymnastics.

Video Fencing

Competitive fencing

The governing body

Fencing is governed by the FÃÆ' Â © dÃÆ' Â © ration Internationale d'Escrime (FIE). Today, its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland. The FIE is made up of 145 national federations, each recognized by the State Olympic Committee as the only representative of the Olympic-style fencing in the country.

Rules

The FIE maintains the current rules used by the FIE as an international event, including World Cups, World Championships, and Olympics. The FIE handles proposals to change the first-year rule after one year of the Games at the annual congress. The US Fencing Association has slightly different rules, but it usually complies with FIE standards.

Maps Fencing

History

Fencing rooted from the development of sword science for duel and self defense. Fencing is believed to have originated in Spain; some of the most important books about fencing are written by Spanish fencing players. The Weapons Paper written by Diego de Valera between 1458 and 1471 and is one of the oldest guidebooks still on the west fence (regardless of the title, the book Diego Valera is a symbol, about the fence) just before the duel was under the official ban by the Catholics. In the conquest, the Spanish forces carried fences all over the world, especially to southern Italy, one of the main areas of disagreement between the two countries. Fencing is mentioned in the drama The Merry Wives of Windsor written around before 1602.

The modern fencing mechanism originated in the 18th century at the Italian Renaissance fence school, and under their influence, was enhanced by the French school of fencing. The Spanish school fence is stagnant and replaced by Italian and French schools.

Development to sports

The shift to the fence as a sport rather than as a military training took place from the mid-18th century, and was led by Domenico Angelo, who founded the fencing academy, Angelo School of Arms, at Carlisle House, Soho, London in 1763. There, he taught aristocracy modern swords. His school was run by three generations of his family and dominated European fence art for nearly a century.

He defined the important rules of posture and footwork that still govern modern sports fencing, although the methods of assault and captivity are still very different from current practice. Although he intends to prepare his students for a real battle, he is the first fencer to emphasize the health and sporting benefits of the fence over his use as a killing art, especially in his influential book L'ÃÆ'â € cole des armes ( Fencing School ), published in 1763.

The first fencing competition was organized at the Grand Musica Tournament and Assault at Arms in 1880, held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, in Islington in June. The tournament featured a series of competitions between military and army officers. Each battle is fought with five strokes and foil is fouled with black to help the judges. Amateur Gymnastic & amp; The Association fencing compiled a set of official fencing regulations in 1896.

Fencing was part of the Olympics in the summer of 1896. Saber's events were held at every Summer Olympics; Foil shows were held at any Summer Olympics except 1908; ÃÆ'Â © pÃÆ'Â © e events have been held at any Summer Olympics except in the summer of 1896 for unknown reasons.

Beginning with ÃÆ'Ã… © pà © à © e in 1933, judges were replaced by the Laurent-Pagan electrical apparatus apparatus, with audible tones and red or green lights indicating when a touch landed. Automatic foil in 1956, saber in 1988. The assessment box reduces bias in judgment, and allows more accurate assessment of quicker actions, lighter touch, and more touch to the back and sides than ever before.

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Tools

Weapon

There are three weapons in the modern fence: foil, ÃÆ'  © pÃÆ'  © e, and saber. Each weapon has its own rules and strategies. Equipment required includes at least 2 swords, Paralyzed (not for à © à © pÃÆ'  © e), white jacket, underarm shield, two body and mask rope, knee high socks, gloves and trousers.

Foil

Foil is a light thrusting weapon with a maximum weight of 500 grams. The bubble targets the body, but not the arms or legs. Foil has a small circular hand shield that serves to protect hands from direct pricks. Since the hands are not a valid target in the form of foil, this is primarily for security. The touch is only rated with the tip; hit with the side of the blade does not register in the electronic scoring tool (and does not stop the action). The touch that landed outside the target area (called touch off-target and marked with different colors on the rating tool) stopped the action but was not scored. Just one touch can be given to the fencer at the end of the phrase. If both fencers land touching within a reasonable distance of milliseconds to register two lights on the machine, the referee uses the "right of way" rule to determine which fencer gets the touch, or if the off-target hit has priority over valid clicks, in this is no touch given. If the referee can not determine which fencer is eligible, no touch is given.

ÃÆ' â € ° pÃÆ' Â © e

The  ©  © is a thrusting weapon like a foil, but heavier, with a maximum total weight of 775 grams. In ÃÆ'  © pÃÆ'  © e, the whole body is a valid target. Hand guard on ÃÆ'  © pÃÆ'  © e is a large circle that extends toward hitting, effectively covering the hand, which is a valid target in ÃÆ'  © pÃÆ'  © e. Like a foil, all the blows should be with the tip and not the side of the knife. Hits with the blade side are not listed in the electronic scoring tool (and do not stop the action). Since the whole body is a legal target, there is no concept of off-target touch, unless the fencer accidentally strikes the floor, turns on the lights and tones on the scoring tool. Unlike foil and saber, ÃÆ'  © pÃÆ'  © e does not use "road rights", and rewards the simultaneous touch to both fencers. However, if the score is tied in the match at the last point and the double touch is scored, the points are null and void.

Saber

Saber is a lightweight cut and thrust weapon that targets the entire body above the waist, except for hand guns. Saber is the latest weapon used. Like foil, the maximum saber legal weight is 500 grams. The hand guard on the saber extends from the handle to the point where the blade is connected to the handle. These guards are generally played out during sports to protect the sword arm from touch. Click with whole blade or valid point. As in foil, touching that the ground outside the target area is not printed. However, unlike the foil, this off-target touch does not stop the action, and the fence continues. In the case of both fencers landing a scoring touch, the referee determines which fencer receives points for action, again through the use of "right of way".

Protective clothing

Most personal protective equipment for fencing is made of hard or nylon cotton. Kevlar was added to the upper level uniform section (jacket, breech, underarm protector, lamà © Å ©, and bib mask) after Vladimir Smirnov's death at the 1982 World Championships in Rome. However, Kevlar decomposes into chlorine in UV light, complicating the cleaning process.

Other ballistic fabrics, such as Dyneema, have been developed that are impervious to puncture, and which do not degrade the way that Kevlar does. The FIE rules state that the tournament outfit should be made of fabric that rejects the power of 800 newtons (180 pounds _f ), and that bib masks should withstand twice the amount.

Complete fence kits include:

Jacket

The jacket is fitted, and has a croissard ( croissard ) that passes between the legs. In the saber fence, the jacket is cut along the waist. Small scratches from the folded fabric are sewn around the collar to prevent the opponent's knife from slipping under the mask and along the jacket toward the neck. Fence instructors can wear heavier jackets, such as those reinforced by plastic foams, to deflect attacks that are often experienced by the instructor.

Plastron

A plastron is an underarm armor worn under the jacket. It provides double protection on the sides of the sword and upper arm. No stitches under the arm, which will be parallel to the seams of the jacket and provide a weak point.

Glove

The blade is protected by a glove with a glove that prevents the blade from rising to the sleeve and causing injury. Gloves also increase the grip.

Breeches

Pants or shorts are shorts that end just below the knee. The beach should have 10 cm overlap with the jacket. Most are equipped with suspenders (braces).

Socks

The fence socks are long enough to cover the knee; some cover most of the thighs.

Shoes

The fence has a flat sole, and is reinforced on the inside for the hind legs, and on the heel for the forefoot. Reinforcement prevents wear from crashing.

Mask

The graceful mask has a bib that protects the neck. The mask should support 12 kilograms (26bb) in the metal mesh and 350 newtons (79Ã, lb _f ) of the penetration resistance on the bib. The FIE rules dictate that the mask should hold 25 kilos (55 pounds) on the mesh and 1,600 newtons (360 pounds _f ) on the bib. Some modern masks have a see-through protector at the front of the mask. These have been used in high-level competitions (World Championships etc.); however, they are currently banned in foil and ÃÆ' Â © pÃÆ' Â © e by FIE, after the 2009 incident in which the visor was impaled during the European Junior Championship competition. There are foil masks, sabers, and three weapons.

Chest protection

Chest protectors, made of plastic, worn by female fencing and, occasionally, by boys. Fencing instructors also wear them, as they are more often hit during training than their students. In the foil fence, the hard surface of the chest protector reduces the possibility that the register is hit.

LamÃÆ'Â ©

A lamÃÆ' © is a layer of electrically conductive material worn over a foam jacket in a foil and a sword fence. LamÃÆ' © covers the entire target area, and makes it easier to determine if a hit falls within the target area. (In ÃÆ'  © pÃÆ'  © f think lamÃÆ'  © is not necessary, because the target area reaches the entire body of a competitor.) In the sword fence, the lamÃÆ' © arm ends with a straight line on the wrist; in the foil fence, lamà ©  © without arms. Body wires needed to record scores. It attaches to the weapon and runs inside the sleeve of the jacket, then backwards and out into the scoring box. In saber and foil fencing, the body cable is connected to the lamÃÆ' to the circuit to the scoring box.

Arm

An instructor or master can wear a protective arm or leg skin to protect each arm or leg of their fencing.

Traditionally, the fencing uniform is white, and the instructor's uniform is black. This may be due to occasional pre-electric practices that include the point of the weapon in dye, soot, or colored chalk to make it easier for the referee to determine the placement of the touch. Since this is no longer a factor in the electrical age, FIE rules have been relaxed to allow for colored uniforms (except black). This guide also limits the size and position of permitted sponsored logos.

Handheld

Beberapa grip pistol yang digunakan oleh foil dan ÃÆ' © pÃÆ' © e fencers (artikel utama Grip_ (sport_fencing))

Peralatan listrik

A set of electric fencing equipment is required to participate in an electric fence. Electrical equipment in the fence varies depending on the weapons used accordingly. The main component of a set of electrical equipment is the body cable. The body cable acts as a connection between a fencer and a wire roll that is part of the system to detect electrically that the weapon has touched the opponent. There are two types: one for ÃÆ' Â © pÃÆ' Â © e, and one for foil and saber.

Cable ÃÆ' â € ° pÃÆ' Â © e consists of two sets of three branches each connected by a wire. A set is connected with a fencer gun, with the other connecting to the reel. Foil and saber body cords have only two branches (or twist-lock bayonet connectors) on the side of the weapon, with a third wire connecting instead of the lamÃÆ'Â © fencer. The need for foil and saber to distinguish between touch on and off-target requires wired connection to a valid target area.

The body cable consists of three cables known as lines A, B, and C. On the reel connector (and both connectors for ÃÆ' â € ° pÃÆ'Ã… © e cords) Pin B is in the center, pin A is 1.5 cm cm to one side B, and pin C 2 cm to the other side of B This asymmetrical arrangement ensures that the cord can not be mounted in the wrong direction.

In foil, A line is connected to the lamÃÆ'Â © and line B runs the wire to the tip of the weapon. Line B is usually connected to line C through its end. When the tip is pressed, the circuit is damaged and one of three things can happen:

• The end touches your opponent's lamón (their A line): Valid touch
• The tip touches your opponent's weapon or the grounded strip: nothing, because the current is still flowing to the line C.
• The tip does not touch any of the above: Off-target offensive (white light).

In ÃÆ' â € ° pÃÆ' Â © e, line A and B run a separate cable to the end (no lamÃÆ'Â ©). When the tip is pressed, it connects the lines A and B, resulting in a valid touch. However, if the tip touches your opponent's weapon (their C line) or the diarded strip, nothing happens when it is depressed, because the current is diverted to the line C. The grounded strip is very important in ÃÆ' â € ° pÃÆ'Ã… © e, because without one , touch to the register floor as a valid touch (not the off target as in Foil).

In Saber, similar to Foil, A line is connected to lamÃÆ' ©, but both lines B and C are connected to the body of the weapon. Any contact between your B/C line (no matter which, as they are always connected) and the A line opponent (lamà © them) produce a valid touch. There is no need for grounded strips in Saber, because hitting something other than your opponent does not do anything.

In a professional fencing competition, a complete set of electrical appliances is required.

A complete set of foil electrical equipment including:

• The body's electric wire, which runs under the fencer jacket on its dominant side.
• Electric knife.
• Conductive Lamon or electric vest.
• Conductive bulb (often associated with mask).
• Electric mask cable, connecting conductive and lamà © Ã… ©  ©.

Saber electrical equipment is very similar to foil. In addition, the equipment used in saber includes:

• Greater conductive disadvantages.
• Electric strings.
• A fully conductive mask.
• Gloves or conductive overlays.

ÃÆ' â € ° pÃÆ' Â © e fencers do not have a dozen, conductive bibs, and umbilical cord due to their target area. Also, their body wires are built differently as described above. However, they have all the other components of fencer foil equipment.

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Foil, ÃÆ' Â © pÃÆ' Â © e, and sword techniques

Techniques or movements in the fence can be divided into two categories: offensive and defensive. Some techniques can fit into both categories ( for example. tap). Certain techniques are used offensive, with the aim of landing a blow to your opponent while holding the right side (foil and saber). The other is defensively used, to protect from attacks or to obtain street rights.

Attacks and defenses can be done in countless leg combinations and hand movements. For example, a fencer strikes the fist arm B, drawing a high outer party; the fencing player B then follows the party with a high line retaliation. Fencer A, expecting it, then make his own parry by rotating his blade under Fencer B (from straight down or down), putting the fencer B end of the target and the A fighter now scores against the low line by moving his hands to the top.

Fencing has a long history with universities and schools for at least 500 years. At least one fence style, Mensur in Germany, practiced only in universities, especially in Heidelberg. University students compete internationally at the World University Games. The United States holds two national level university tournaments including the NCAA championship and the USACFC National Championship tournament in the US and the BUCS fencing championship in the UK. Prior to advances in modern armaments after World War I, the United States Cavalry taught swordsmanship (installed and descended) in Fort Riley, Kansas at the Mounted Service School. George S. Patton Jr., while still a young lieutenant, named "Master of the Sword," an honor provided to the top instructor. He created what came to be known as "Patton Saber," in 1913, based on his studies with M. Clery L'Adjutant, known as the best Fencing Guru in Europe at the time. While teaching at Fort Riley, he wrote two instruction manuals teaching swordsmanship to the Cavalry Army officers, "Saber Exercise 1914" and "Diary of the Instructor in Swordsmanship." The relatively small equipment and scale cost of the sport limits the university fence to a small number of schools. National fencing organizations have set up programs to encourage more students to fence. Examples include the Regional Youth Circuit program in the United States and the Leon Paul Youth series in the UK.

In recent years, efforts have been made to introduce fencing to a wider and younger audience, using foam and plastic swords, which require much less protective equipment. This makes it much cheaper to provide classes, and thus it's easier to take a fence to a wider school than it usually does. There's even a series of competitions in Scotland - Funteague Plastics-and-Foam Foams - especially for Primary and Aged School-age children who use this equipment.

Britain hosts two national competitions where schools compete with each other directly: The Fencing School Public School, a competition open only to Independent Schools, and the Scottish High School Championships, is open to all secondary schools in Scotland. It contains both individual teams and events and is highly anticipated. Schools organize matches directly against each other and school-age students can compete individually in the British Youth Championships.

Many universities in Ontario, Canada have fencing teams that participate in an annual inter-university competition called Final OUA.

Venetian fence school

The Venetian school of fencing is a fence style that occurred in Venice at the beginning of the 12th century, and was valid until the early nineteenth century.

The Venetians are art experts, and share with their colleagues in Bologna about fencing principles known as Bolognese or Venetian. For the first time a Venetian fence is detailed in several directions, it describes the properties of various parts of the blade, used in defense and offense. With this approach, the swordsman has an idea of ​​one thing, what we now call the "percussion center". Several sword divisions are suggested. The knife is divided into four parts, the first two parts of Ephesians must be used for protection; the third near the center of the blow is used to attack; and the fourth part at the end is used for piercing.

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Other variants

Other variants include wheelchairs for disabled, chair fencing, one-hit à © à © pà ©  © e (one of five events that are modern pentathlon) and various types of non-Olympic competitive fencing. Fencing chairs are like wheelchair fences, but for the able-bodied. The opponent arranges the opposite chair and fence while sitting; all common fence rules apply. The last example is the American Fencing League (different from the American States Fencing Association): different competition formats and right-of-way rules are interpreted in different ways. In some countries, schools and universities rarely diverge from the FIE format.

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See also

• List of fencing words
• Outline of the fence
• List of fencers
• Kendo

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Note

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References

• Amberger, Johann Christoph (1999). The Secret History of the Sword . Burbank: Multi-Media. ISBN: 1-892515-04-0
• British Fencing (September 2008). "Competition Regulations FIE (English)". Official document. Retrieved on December 16, 2008.
• Evangelista, Nick (1996). Art and Fencing . Indianapolis: Masters Press. ISBNÃ, 1-57028-075-4.
• Evangelista, Nick (2000). Fencing Rock Game: Excellence in Shape, Technique, Strategy, and Spirit . Chicago: Masters Press. ISBNÃ, 1-57028-230-7.
• Gaugler, William M. (2004). "The Science of Fencing: A Comprehensive Training Guide for Teachers and Students: Includes Lesson Plans for Foil, Saber and Epee Instruction". Laureate Press. ISBN: 1884528309.
• The United States Fencing Association (September 2010). Rules of the United States Fencing Association for the Competition . Retrieved 3 October 2011.
• Vass, Imre (2011). "Epee Fence: Complete System". SKA SwordPlay Books. ISBN: 0978902270.

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External links

• Budget FIE
• Fencing on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
• Fencing FAQ from rec.sport.fencing
• Link to the basic fencer video of MIT OpenCourseWare as taught in Spring 2007

Source of the article : Wikipedia