In health care, self-care is any important human regulatory function that is under individual, intentional and self-control.
Some self-care places on the continuum with health care providers on opposite ends with self-care. In modern medicine, preventive medicine is best aligned with self-care. Lack of adherence to medical advice and the occurrence of mental disorders can make self-care difficult. Self-care is seen as a partial solution to the global increase in health care costs placed on the government. The idea that self-care is a fundamental pillar of health and social care means it is an essential component of modern health care systems governed by laws and regulations.
Self-care is considered a primary form of care for patients with chronic conditions that make many daily decisions, or self-management, their illness. Self-management is critical education and self-management complementing traditional patient education in primary care to support patients to live the best possible quality of life with their chronic condition. Self care is learned, focused and sustainable. In philosophy, self-care refers to self-care and cultivation in a comprehensive sense, focusing specifically on the soul and knowledge of self.
Video Self-care
Prerequisites
There are a number of self-care requirements that apply to all humans of all ages and are necessary for basic human needs. For example, as humans we need adequate air, water and food intake; Treatment also needs to be done with the process of elimination and impurities. There should be a balance between rest and activity as well as between solitude and social activities. Prevention and avoidance of human hazards and participation in social groups is also a requirement. Maturity requires autonomous performance of self-care tasks.
Maps Self-care
Self care care
Self care includes all the health decisions that people (as individuals or consumers) make for themselves and their families to ensure they are physically and mentally healthy.
Self care care behavior
Self care care behaviors include disease prevention, disease behavior, and proper hygiene. Disease prevention measures include avoiding tobacco, exercise, and diet. Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of death and disease in the United States. By avoiding or discontinuing the use of tobacco, overall health and quality of life are improved and the risk of illness and premature death is reduced. The benefits of regular physical activity include weight control, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, strengthening bones and muscles, improving mental health, increasing the ability to participate in daily activities, and increasing the chance to live longer. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends 2 hours and thirty minutes of moderate activity each week. Examples include fast walking, swimming, dancing, riding a bike, and even jumping rope. Other important aspects of self-care include eating fresh fruits and vegetables, lean meats and other proteins. Processed foods should be limited. Limiting saturated fats, trans fats, sugars, and sodium will also contribute to a healthy diet.
Disease behaviors include taking prescribed medications and getting vaccinated. When drugs are not taken as prescribed, complications can occur. These complications include disease progression, reduced functional ability, lower quality of life, and increased hospital visits. Vaccination helps protect individuals from serious illnesses and complications associated with vaccine-preventable diseases such as pneumonia.
Cleanliness is an important part of self care care. Hygienic behavior includes adequate sleep, regular mouth care, and hand washing. Sleeping 7-8 hours every night can protect your physical and mental health. Sleep deprivation increases the risk of heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. Sleep deprivation can also lead to depression, suicide, and risk taking behavior. Brushing your teeth and personal hygiene can prevent infection.
The behavior of self-care care can be influenced by external factors, such as access to health care and the environment. Social health determinants play a big role in how people take care of themselves. Access to care is one of the main determinants of a person's ability to perform self care care behaviors. This includes having access to transportation to visit health care services, the availability of office hours/clinics, and whether the treatment is affordable or not. These external factors can determine a person's ability to perform self care treatments because a person may not be able to perform behaviors based on their availability. Access in one's living environment is another factor that affects the care of self-care. A person's environment determines whether they can go to the gym for a workout or go to a grocery store to buy healthy food. Living in a pasture or having limited resources that enable physical activity will reduce the likelihood of participating in self care care behaviors.
Internal factors, such as motivation, emotion, and cognitive abilities also affect the behavior of self care treatments. Motivation is often the driving force behind the maintenance behavior of self-care. A person who is motivated to stay healthy and manage and/or prevent chronic illness is more likely to be interested in performing maintenance behaviors, as mentioned above. Emotions also indicate whether a person will do such behavior. A person with depression is more likely to have a lower food intake in fruits and vegetables, reduce physical activity, and poor medication adherence. A person with cognitive impairment or functional ability also has a reduced ability to perform self care treatment behaviors. Some of these behaviors, such as medication adherence, require the ability to maintain a schedule, but a person with memory impairment may have trouble completing tasks based on memory.
Skill is also an important aspect that influences an individual's ability to perform self-care behavior. Individuals should be able to plan, set goals, and make informed decisions about their health needs. In addition, self-care is influenced by individual attitudes and beliefs in their own effectiveness. Having the confidence to take action and overcome obstacles is an indication of success in performing self-care behavior. Confidence and cultural values ​​can also affect self-care. Self-care can be seen as very important in some countries or in certain cultures that value self-reliance, but in other cultures self-care can conflict with their beliefs and values.
Social support also affects how a person performs self care treatments. Social support includes family, friends, and support groups. Support groups can be through religious groups, groups that manage chronic diseases, or community groups. This support can help by asking people to talk or help make decisions about your treatment. Individuals living with chronic diseases admit that joint care can help make life with chronic illness less stressful. If you have chronic illness and want to join a support group, there are resources that can be found online or offered by your primary care provider.
Living with one or more chronic diseases can be very difficult. There are many different medications, specialists, and self care care behaviors required. With all of these functioning parts, it may be difficult to track them all down. The presence of co-morbid conditions makes care self-care behavior difficult to resolve. Birth control pills are a big factor in the care of self-care from some chronic diseases as many people may complain of not wanting to take all the medication or be confused about their treatment schedule. For example, a patient with diabetes needs to exercise, but if they also have COPD they easily develop shortness of breath that will cause them to stop exercising. It is important to address all the symptoms of any chronic illness that a person suffers so that individuals with chronic illness can successfully perform self care treatment behaviors.
The benefits of living a healthy lifestyle were analyzed in the Caerphilly Heart Disease Study. The evidence suggests a reduced risk of chronic disease (including dementia and cognitive impairment) to be significantly associated with a healthy lifestyle.
Self-care also treats mild disease, long-term conditions, or a person's health after leaving secondary and tertiary health care. For example neck pain, for example, self-care is the recommended treatment.
Patients who are informed better and more educated have greater motivation for self-care. Individuals perform self-care and experts and professionals support self-care to allow individuals to perform improved self-care. The introduction and evaluation of symptoms is a key aspect of self-care. The main issues involved with self-care and the incidence of medically related illnesses such as drug side effects, emotions and psychological problems, lifestyle changes and knowledge acquisition to assist in decision making.
Self-care support has significant, enabling value and considerable coverage in developing countries with overloaded health care systems. But it also has an important role to play in affluent countries where people become more aware of their health and want to have a bigger role in looking after themselves.
To enable people to take improved care, they can be supported in different ways and by different providers.
Method
A multifaceted intervention that adapts education to the individual is more effective than the patient's own education. The approach used to improve self care is summarized here.
- "Teach-back" is used to measure how much information is stored after teaching the patient. Teach again occurs when patients are asked to repeat the information given to them. Educators examine loopholes in patient understanding, reinforce messages, and create collaborative conversations with patients. It is important for individuals with chronic illness to understand and remember the information received about their condition. Retiring education can educate patients and assess learning. One example of how a provider can start teaching again is to ask, "I want to make sure I explain everything clearly.If you talk to your neighbor what you will say to him/we are talking about today." This phrase protects the patient's self-esteem while placing responsibility for understanding both the provider and the patient. One study demonstrated that patients with heart failure who received reeducated education had a 12% lower enrollment rate than patients who did not receive reentry. Although the teaching-back method is effective in the short run, there is little evidence to support its long-term effects. Retention of long-term knowledge is essential for self-care, so further research is needed on this approach.
- Habit is an automatic response to a common situation. One example of habit is to wash hands after using the toilet. The main feature of a habit is automaticity. Habit is formed when environmental cues produce behavior with very little deliberate deliberation.
- Economic behavior is part of an economic study that examines how cognitive, social, and emotional factors play a role in individual economic decisions. Economic behavior now affects the design of health care interventions aimed at improving maintenance of self-care. Since humans do not always make rational decisions when it comes to self-care, behavioral economics takes into account the complexity and irrationality of human behavior.
- Motivational Interviewing is a way to engage people in critical thinking about their own self-care needs. MI uses an interview style that focuses on individual goals and can be used in any context. MI is based on three psychological theories: cognitive dissonance, self-perception, and transtheoretical change models. MI is intended to increase intrinsic motivation for change.
- Health coaching is another method of promoting motivation to initiate and sustain behavioral change. Health coaches facilitate behavioral change by emphasizing personal goals, life experiences, and values.
Monitoring
Self-care monitoring is a monitoring process that involves measurement and perception of body changes. Effective self-care monitoring also requires the ability to label and interpret changes in the body as normal or abnormal. Listening to your body and recognizing signs and symptoms, increasing factual knowledge of illness or disease is an important factor. Being able to interpret and label your symptoms, understand your disease process, and know how to act and treat appropriately enables competence in knowing when to seek further medical help.
Self care monitoring consists of perception and measurement of symptoms. Perception of symptoms is the process of monitoring one's body for signs of health change. This includes awareness of the body or listening to the body, recognizing symptoms relevant to health, and interpreting and labeling these symptoms. For example, a patient with diabetes can use listening to the body to feel the feeling of rocking and sweating. This feeling is labeled as a symptom of low blood sugar, and the patient will decide how to act on this information. Rapid and accurate symptom recognition is an important part of patient management on their health. In heart attack patients, delay in seeking treatment for worsening symptoms has been found to contribute to poor health outcomes.
Changes in health status or body functions can be monitored with various tools and technologies. The range and complexity of medical devices used both in hospitals and homecare settings is increasing. Certain devices are specific to the general needs of disease processes. For example, different types of glucose monitors are used by patients with diabetes to track their blood sugar levels. Other devices can provide a more general set of information, such as weight scale, blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, etc. Fewer technological tools can include organizers, charts, and charts for trends or track things like number of calories, moods, measurements of vital signs, and more.
Obstacle
The ability of a patient to engage in self-care monitoring greatly influences the progression of the disease. Barriers to monitoring can be unrecognized and ultimately interfere with effective self-care. Barriers may include knowledge deficits, undesirable self-care regimens, different instructions from many providers, and limitations to access related to income or disability. Psychosocial factors such as motivation, anxiety, depression, confidence can also serve as a barrier.
- Equipment costs - This is a common barrier to self-care monitoring. Certain equipment is required to monitor symptoms, such as strip tests and needles in blood glucose monitoring. Equipment costs can be expensive for some individuals, so they are less motivated and less likely to track symptoms.
- Lack of knowledge - With monitoring, it is important to understand what you are looking for and why you are doing it. For example, some individuals may not understand the implications of high blood sugar or high blood pressure. Thus, they do not feel the need to monitor it. Also, if you do not understand the importance of monitoring, you will not do it.
- Fear of results/fear of using equipment - In the example of blood glucose monitoring, some people may be afraid of needles, which will prevent them from doing fingerstik to read their blood sugar. Others may have fears or anxieties about how results can change and can avoid them. For example, someone who does not follow a diet to maintain their blood pressure or blood sugar may have fears that it is already high and thus, does not want to monitor it.
- Family/social support (or lack thereof) - Monitoring something that indirectly does it regularly/frequently. Doing something consistently sometimes requires reminders or little encouragement from others.
Improve self-care monitoring
Because self-care monitoring is performed primarily by patients and their caregivers, it is necessary to work closely with patients on this topic. The provider should assess the current self-care monitoring regimen and build this to create an individual treatment plan. Knowledge and education designed specifically for the patient's level of understanding are the centers of self-care monitoring. When patients understand symptoms appropriate to their illness, they can learn to recognize these symptoms early on. Then they can manage their own illness and prevent complications.
Additional research to improve self-care monitoring is underway in the following areas:
- Caution: Attention and meditation, when incorporated into a one-day education program for diabetic patients, have been shown to improve diabetes control within 3 months of follow-up compared with those receiving education without focusing on attention.
- Decision-making: How a patient's decision-making capacity can be encouraged/enhanced with support from their provider, leading to better supervision and self-care results.
- Self-efficacy: Self efficacy has been shown to be more closely related to the patient's ability to perform self-care than to health or knowledge literacy.
- The wearable technology: How self-care monitoring develops with technology such as monitor wearable activity.
Self-care management
Self-care management is defined as a response to signs and symptoms when it occurs. Self-care management involves evaluating physical and emotional changes and deciding whether these changes need to be addressed. Changes can occur due to illness, treatment, or the environment. After the treatment is complete, it needs to be evaluated to assess whether it will be useful to do again in the future. Treatment is based on signs and symptoms experienced. Treatment is usually specific to the disease.
Behavior
Self-care management includes recognizing symptoms, treating symptoms, and evaluating treatments. Behavior of self-care management is a symptom and disease specific. For example, a patient with asthma can recognize symptoms of shortness of breath. These patients can manage symptoms by using inhalers and see if their breathing improves. A patient with heart failure manages their condition by recognizing symptoms such as swelling and shortness of breath. Self-care management behaviors for heart failure may include taking water pills, limiting fluid and salt intake, and seeking help from health care providers.
Regular self-care monitoring is needed to identify early symptoms and assess the effectiveness of the treatment. Some examples include:
- Inject insulin in response to high blood sugar and then check again to evaluate whether blood glucose is lowered
- Use social support and healthy recreational activities to counter feelings of social isolation. It has proven to be effective for patients with chronic lung disease
Factor
Access to care: Access to care is a major barrier affecting the management of self-care. Symptom care may require consultation with a health care provider. Access to health care systems is strongly influenced by service providers. Many people suffering from chronic diseases do not have access to service providers in the health care system for several reasons. The three main barriers to treatment include: insurance coverage, poor service access, and inability to pay fees. Without access to a trained healthcare provider, the outcome is usually worse.
Financial constraints: Financial constraints affect the management of self-care. The majority of insurance coverage is provided by the employer. Loss of employment is often accompanied by loss of health insurance and inability to pay for health care. In patients with diabetes and chronic heart disease, financial constraints are associated with poor access to care, poor quality care, and vascular disease. As a result, this patient has reduced the level of medical assessment, measurement of Hemoglobin A1C (a marker that assesses blood glucose levels during the last 3 months), cholesterol measurement, eye and foot examination, diabetes education, and aspirin use. Research has found that people in higher social classes are better at self-care management than chronic conditions. In addition, people with low levels of education often lack the resources to effectively engage in self-management behaviors.
Age: Elderly patients are more likely to rate their symptoms differently and delay seeking longer treatment when they have symptoms. For example, an elderly person with heart failure may experience different symptoms of breathlessness than a person with younger heart failure. There are many reasons that contribute to the difference in the experience of these symptoms. Providers should be aware of the potential for delay in service provider search behavior in elderly patients who may aggravate their overall condition.
Previous experience: Previous experience contributed to the development of skills in self care management. Experience helps patients develop signals and patterns they can remember and follow, leading to goals and reasonable action in repetitive situations (A patient with self-management skills knows what to do during recurrent symptomatic events This may cause they recognize their previous symptoms, and look for a provider faster.
Health care literacy: Literacy of health care is another factor affecting the management of self-care. Literacy of health care is the amount of basic health information that can be understood by people. Literacy of health care is a major variable that contributes to the difference in patient ratings from self-management support. Successful self-care involves understanding the meaning of change in a person's body. Individuals who can identify changes in their bodies can then come up with choices and decide on an action (Health education at the patient's literacy level can improve the patient's ability to solve problems, set goals, and acquire skills in applying the patient's practice of information Literacy can also affect their assessment of quality health care, poor health care experience can cause patients not to return to the same provider.This creates a delay in the management of acute symptoms.The provider should consider health literacy when designing a treatment plan that requires self-management skills.
Co-morbid condition: A patient with some chronic illness may experience a plural effect of their illness. This may include deterioration of one condition by symptoms or other treatments. People tend to prioritize one of their conditions. This limits the management of self-care from their other diseases. One condition may have symptoms that are more marked than others. Or patients may be more emotionally connected with one disease, for example, they have had for a long time. If the provider is unaware of the effects of having some disease, the overall health of the patient may fail to improve or worsen as a result of therapeutic efforts.
How to improve self-care management
There are many ways for patients and healthcare providers to work together to improve patient self-care management. Abandonment and teaching skills enable patients and providers to work together to develop decision-making strategies.
1. Backlight is an action plan for daily care of chronic disease of patients made by health care team and patients. It makes decision making easier by categorizing the signs and symptoms and determining the appropriate action for each set. It separates signs and symptoms into three zones:
- Green is a safe zone, which means the patient's signs and symptoms are what is normally expected. Patients should continue their daily self-care tasks, such as taking medication every day and eating a healthy diet.
- Yellow is a zone of care, which means the patient's signs and symptoms should be monitored because they are not normal, but they are not yet dangerous. Some actions may need to be taken in this zone to return to the green zone, such as taking additional drugs. Patients may need to contact their health care team for advice.
- Red is a danger zone, meaning the patient's signs and symptoms indicate that something is very wrong. If in this category the patient needs to take action to return to the green category, such as taking emergency medicine, as well as contacting their health team immediately. They may also need to contact emergency medical help.
The traffic light plan helps patients to make decisions about what actions to take for different signs and symptoms and when to contact their health care team with the problem. Patients and their providers will tailor certain appropriate signs and symptoms within each category of traffic lights.
Here are three links for a sample traffic light plan that can be tailored to the patient's needs:
- http://www.aafa.org/media/asthma-action-plan-aafa.pdf
- http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health/practitioner-pro/bc-guidelines/heart-failure-zones.pdf
- http://lungfoundation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/LFA-COPD-Action-Plan-Traffic-Lights-Steps-for-writting_0316_print-2.pdf
2. Skill teaching is a learning opportunity between healthcare providers and patients in which patients learn self-care skills unique to their chronic diseases. Some of these skills can be applied to the daily management of symptoms of chronic disease. Other skills can be applied when there is a symptom exacerbation. Symptom exacerbations mean that the symptoms are worsening or different from what is usually experienced by the patient. Patients should not only learn the purpose of self-care skills. It is also important to learn when applying skills in the daily management of chronic diseases and how they can be modified or altered when patients experience symptoms exacerbated.
For example, a patient newly diagnosed with persistent asthma may learn about taking oral medication for day-to-day management, controlling chronic symptoms and preventing asthma attacks. However, there may be times when the patient may be exposed to environmental triggers or stress that causes asthma attacks. Patients begin experiencing shortness of breath, chest tightness or wheezing. When these unexpected symptoms occur, the skill of taking the medicine every day and the medication taken may change. Instead of taking oral medication every day, different medications are needed for quick rescue and relief of symptoms. Rescue medication works quickly with an inhaler. Knowing to choose the right medicine and knowing how to take medication with an inhaler is a learned skill for asthma treatment. Here is a resource on how to safely use a rescue inhaler: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogAdPhk4GJA
In skills teaching, it is important for patients and providers to discuss skills and answer questions that still exist. It is important for the patient to know when and how a skill should be carried out, and how that skill may need to be changed when symptoms differ from normal. See a summary of the above tactical and situational skills. Learning self-care management skills for the first time in the treatment of chronic diseases is not easy, but with patience, practice, perseverance and experience, personal mastery of self-care skills can be achieved.
Support
Self care support may include the following:
- Self-care information on health and human body systems, lifestyle and healthy eating.
- Support for capturing, managing, interpreting, and reporting on daily life observations (ODL), tracing tracking, and use of generated information as a guide for self care and decision making.
- Information description that provides personalized information and instructions to enable individuals to take care of themselves and control their health
- Self-care and self-monitoring devices and assistive technology
- Personal care skills and life skills training programs and courses for people
- Help from the spiritual caregiver
- Advice from licensed counselors, clinical social workers, psychotherapists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, and complementary therapists
- Self-accessible or virtual self-care support network, consisting of colleagues or people who want to support others or receive support and information from others (including primary self-care for provider/consumer convergence.)
- Related to one's spirituality
Approach
The practice of self-care is shaped by what is seen as the right lifestyle choice of the local community. Topics of self-care related to health include;
- Common fitness exercises and physical exercises
- Healthy diet, diet, diet foods and fasting
- Quit smoking and avoid alcohol abuse
- Personal hygiene
- Life extensions
- Pain management
- Stress management
- Personal development and personal development
- Self-care portal and use of health applications
Lack of self-care in terms of personal health, hygiene and living conditions is referred to as self-neglect. Use of caregiver and Personal Care Assistant may be required. An aging population seeks greater self-care knowledge, especially in family relationships and with responsibilities that are usually owned by the mother.
Philosophy
Michel Foucault understands the art of living (French de vivre art , Latin ars vivendi ) and self-care (French le souci de soi ) to center of philosophy. The third volume of the three volumes of his research The History of Sexuality is dedicated to this idea. For Foucault, the idea of ​​self-care epimeleia heautou ) of Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy consists of attitudes toward self, others and the world, and certain forms of attention. For Foucault, pursuing care for his own wellbeing also consists of self-knowledge (gn? Thi seauton).
Self care care deficits were developed by Dorothea Orem between 1959 and 2001. Theories viewed positively explore the use of professional care and resource orientation. Under self-care the Orem model has a limit when its possibilities have been exhausted thus making professional care lawful. This deficit in self-care is seen as forming the best role that a nurse can provide. There are two phases in Orem's self-care; phase of investigation and decision-making and production phase.
See also
- America with Disabilities Act of 1990 # Main life events
- Executive function
- Integrative medicine
References
External links
- Self-care in the UK
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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