Mood disorder , also known as mood disorder (affective) , is a group of conditions in which a person's mood disorder is an underlying main feature. The classification is in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) and the International Disease Classification (ICD).
Mood disorders fall into the basic groups of high mood, such as mania or hypomania; depression, the most famous and most widely studied are major depressive disorder (MDD) (commonly called clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression); and a mood that cycles between mania and depression, known as bipolar disorder (BD) (formerly known as manic depression). There are several sub-types of depressive disorders or psychiatric syndromes that show less severe symptoms such as dysthymic disorder (similar to but lighter than MDD) and cyclomic disorders (similar to but lighter than BD). Mood disorders can also be caused by substances or occur in response to medical conditions.
A small percentage of people with bipolar disorder have high creativity, art, or talent. Before the phase of mania becomes too extreme, its energy, ambition, enthusiasm, and splendor often carry people with this kind of mood disorder.
Substance-induced
Mood disorders can be classified as substance-induced if the etiology can be traced to the direct physiological effects of psychoactive drugs or other chemicals, or if the development of mood disorders occurs simultaneously with intoxication or withdrawal of the substance. Also, an individual may have a mood disorder that coexists with substance abuse disorders. Mood-induced mood disorders can feature episodes of bead, hypomanic, mixed, or depressed. Most substances can cause various mood disorders. For example, stimulants such as amphetamines, methamphetamine, and cocaine can cause manic, hypomanic, mixed, and depressed episodes.
Alcohol-induced
The high rates of major depressive disorder occur in heavy drinkers and those with alcoholism. The previous controversy has surrounded whether people who abuse alcohol and are depressed are treating their own pre-existing depression. But recent research has concluded that, although this may be true in some cases, alcohol abuse directly causes the development of depression in large numbers of heavy drinkers. The participants studied were also assessed during the stressful events of their lives and measured on the Bad Feel Scale. Likewise, they are also assessed on their affiliation with colleagues deviant , unemployment, and their partner drug use and criminal offenses. High rates of suicide also occur in those with alcohol-related problems. It is usually possible to distinguish between alcohol-related depression and depression unrelated to alcohol intake by taking a careful history of patients. Depression and other mental health problems associated with alcohol abuse may be caused by brain chemical distortion, as they tend to improve on their own after a period of abstinence.
Benzodiazepine-induced
Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam and diazepam, can cause depression and mania.
Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs commonly used to treat anxiety, panic attacks and insomnia, and are also often abused and abused. Those who have anxiety, panic and sleep problems generally have negative emotions and thoughts, depression, suicidal ideation, and often have disorders of comorbid depression. While the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of benzodiazepine disappear when tolerance develops, depression and impulsivity with a high risk of suicide generally persist. Unfortunately, these symptoms "are often interpreted as exacerbations or as a natural evolution of previous disorders and the use of chronic tranquilizers is negligible." Benzodiazepines do not prevent the development of depression, may exacerbate pre-existing depression, can cause depression in those who have no history, and may lead to suicide attempts. Risk factors for attempting and solving suicide while using benzodiazepines include high dose prescriptions (even in those who do not abuse drugs), benzodiazepine poisoning, and underlying depression.
Long-term use of benzodiazepines may have the same effect on the brain as alcohol, and is also involved in depression. Like alcohol, the effects of benzodiazepines on neurochemistry, such as decreased serotonin and norepinephrine levels, are believed to be responsible for increased depression. In addition, benzodiazepines indirectly can exacerbate mood by exacerbating sleep (ie, sleep disorders caused by benzodiazepines). Like alcohol, benzodiazepines can make people fall asleep, but when they fall asleep, they interfere with the sleep architecture: reduce sleep time, delay REM sleep time, and reduce deep sleep (the most restored part of sleep for energy and mood). Just as some antidepressants can cause or worsen anxiety in some patients as it becomes active, benzodiazepines may cause or aggravate depression as it becomes a central nervous system depressant - worsening thinking, concentration and problem solving (ie, benzodiazepine-induced neurocognitive disorders). Unlike antidepressants, however, where the activation effect usually increases with follow-up treatment, benzodiazepine-induced depression will not improve until after discontinuation of treatment.
In a long-term follow-up study of patients who were dependent on benzodiazepines, it was found that 10 people (20%) had used drug overdose when using chronic benzodiazepine medication even though only two had ever had pre-existing depressive disorder. A year after the gradual withdrawal program, no patients had any further overdose.
Just like with poisoning and chronic use, withdrawal of benzodiazepines can also cause depression. While benzodiazepine-induced depressive disorder may be exacerbated immediately after the cessation of benzodiazepines, evidence suggests that mood significantly improves after an acute withdrawal period to a better level than when used. Depression resulting from withdrawal from benzodiazepines usually subsides after a few months but in some cases may persist for 6-12 months.
Due to other medical conditions
"Mood disorders due to common medical conditions" are used to describe episodes of manic or depression resulting from medical conditions. There are many medical conditions that can trigger mood episodes, including neurological disorders (eg dementia), metabolic disorders (eg electrolyte disturbances), gastrointestinal diseases (eg cirrhosis), endocrine diseases (eg thyroid disorders), cardiovascular diseases (eg heart attack) lung disease (eg chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
Not specified other
Mood disorder not specifically mentioned (MD-NOS) is a destructive mood disorder but does not match any other prescribed formal diagnosis. In DSM-IV MD-NOS is described as "any mood disorder that does not meet the criteria for certain disorders." MD-NOS is not used as a clinical description but as a statistical concept for submission purposes.
Most cases of MD-NOS represent hybrids between mood disorders and anxiety, such as anxiety disorder-depressive mixture or atypical depression. Examples of MD-NOS are in small depression often during various intervals, such as once every month or once in three days. There is an unknown risk of MD-NOS, and for that reason not to be treated.
Video Mood disorder
Cause
Meta-analysis showed that high scores on the personality domain of neuroticism were strong predictors for the development of mood disorders. A number of authors also point out that mood disorders are evolutionary adaptations. A low mood or depression can enhance an individual's ability to cope with situations where attempts to pursue a primary goal can lead to danger, loss, or futile effort. In such situations, low motivation can benefit by inhibiting certain actions. This theory helps explain why negative life incidents precede depression in about 80 percent of cases, and why they attack people so often during their peak reproductive years. This characteristic will be difficult to understand if depression is a dysfunction.
The mood of depression is a predictable response to some types of life events, such as loss of status, divorce, or death of a child or spouse. This is an event that denotes loss of ability or reproductive potential, or that occurs in the environment of the human ancestor. A depressed mood may be seen as an adaptive response, in the sense that it causes an individual to turn away from previous behavioral ways (and reproductively unsuccessfully).
The mood of depression is common during illness, such as influenza. It has been argued that this is an evolving mechanism that helps individuals to recover by limiting their physical activity. The occurrence of low-grade depression during the winter months, or seasonal affective disorder, may have been adaptive in the past, by limiting physical activity in times when food is scarce. It is said that humans have maintained the instinct to experience a low mood during the winter months, even if food availability is no longer determined by the weather.
Much of what we know about the genetic influence of clinical depression is based on research that has been done with identical twins. Identical twins both have exactly the same genetic code. It has been found that when one identical twin becomes depressed the other will also develop a clinical depression about 76% of the time. When identical twins are raised apart from each other, both will become depressed about 67% of the time. Since both twins experience depression at a high level, the implication is that there is a strong genetic effect. If that happens when one twin becomes clinical depression, the other always develops depression, then clinical depression is likely to be completely genetic.
Bipolar disorder is also considered a mood disorder. In case of bipolar disorder several causes have been considered possible, please see the Wikipedia Bipolar disorder page for more details on the most commonly attributed causes. Recently, regardless of his recent knowledge, he is hypothesized and there is evidence that bipolar disorder may be caused by mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial disease.
Maps Mood disorder
Diagnosis
DSM-5
The DSM-5, released in May 2013, separates the mood disorder chapter of DSM-TR-IV into two parts: Depression and Related Disorders and Bipolar and Related Disorders. Bipolar disorder lies between Depression Disorder and Schizophrenia Spectrum and Related Disorders "in recognition of their place as a bridge between two diagnostic classes in terms of symptomatology, family history and genetics" (Ref 1, h 123). Bipolar disorder undergoes some changes in DSM-5, especially the addition of more specific symptoms associated with the state of hypomanic and mixed mania. Depressive disorders experience the most changes, the addition of three new disorders: disordered dysregulated mood disorders, persistent depression disorder (formerly dysthymia), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (previously in Appendix B, the section for disorders requiring further investigation). Disrupted mood disregulation disorder is intended as a diagnosis for children and adolescents who are usually diagnosed with bipolar disorder as a way to limit bipolar diagnosis in this age group. Major depressive disorder (MDD) also undergoes important changes, because the death clause has been removed. Those who were previously released from MDD diagnosis due to mourning are now candidates for the diagnosis of MDD.
Treatment
There are different types of treatments available for mood disorders, such as therapies and medications. Behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy all prove potentially useful in depression. Drugs of major depressive disorder usually include antidepressants, while bipolar disorder drugs may consist of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants and/or lithium. Lithium in particular has been shown to reduce suicide and all causes of death in people with mood disorders. If mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial disease is the cause of mood disorders such as bipolar disorder, it has been hypothesized that N-acetyl-cysteine ​​(NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic (ALA), creatine monohydrate (CM), and melatonin can be a potential treatment option.
Epidemiology
According to a large number of epidemiological studies conducted, women are twice as likely to develop certain mood disorders, such as severe depression. Although there are the same number of men and women diagnosed with bipolar disorder II, women have a slightly higher frequency of interference.
In 2011, mood disorders are the most common reason for hospitalization among children aged 1-17 years in the United States, with about 112,000 stays. Mood disorders are a major primary diagnosis for Medicaid super-utilizers in the United States in 2012. Furthermore, a study of 18 countries found that mood disorders accounted for the highest number of hospital readmissions among Medicaid and uninsured patients, with 41,600 Medicaid patients and 12,200 uninsured patients were reimbursed within 30 days of their index residence - a return rate of 19.8 per 100 admissions and 12.7 per 100 admissions, respectively. In 2012, moods and other behavioral health disorders are the most common diagnoses for closed and uninsured Medicaid hospitals living in the United States (6.1% of Medicaid fixed and 5.2% of uninsured remain).
A study conducted between 1988 and 1994 among young American adults involves the selection of demographic and health characteristics. Population-based samples of 8,602 males and females aged 17-39 years participated. Lifetime prevalence is estimated based on six mood sizes:
- major depression episode (MDE) 8.6%,
- major depressive disorder with severity (MDE-s) of 7.7%,
- dysthymia 6.2%,
- MDE-s with dysthymia 3.4%,
- any bipolar disorder 1.6%, and
- any mood disorder 11.5%.
Research
Kay Redfield Jamison and others have explored the possible connection between mood disorders - especially bipolar disorder - and creativity. It has been proposed that "a thoughtful personality type can contribute to [mood disorders] and art."
Jane Collingwood noted the Oregon State University study
- "looked at the employment status of a large group of typical patients and found that 'those with bipolar disorder seemed to be concentrated disproportionately in the most creative work categories.' They also found that the likelihood of 'engaging in creative activity at work' was significantly higher for bipolar than non-bipolar workers. "
In Liz Paterek's article "Bipolar Disorder and the Creative Mind" he wrote
- "Memory and creativity are related to mania Clinical studies show that they are in a state of mania will rhyme, find synonyms, and use alliteration more than controls.This mental flexibility can contribute to increased creativity, mania creates an increase in productivity and energy.They who are in a manic state are more emotionally sensitive and show less inhibition of attitudes, which can create greater expression.The study conducted at Harvard looks into the number of original thinking in solving creative tasks, whose disorders are not severe, tend to show a greater level of creativity. "
The relationship between depression and creativity seems very strong among poets.
See also
- Personality disorder
References
- Text quoted
- American Psychiatric Association (2000). Manual diagnostic and statistical mental disorder, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. p.Ã, 943. ISBNÃ, 0-89042-025-4.
- Parker, Gordon; Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic; Kerrie Eyers (1996). Melancholia: Motion and mood disorders: phenomenological and neurobiological reviews . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 0-521-47275-X.
- Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A. (2002). Kaplan and Sadock's Psychiatric Synopsis: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry (9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & amp; Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3183-6.
- Carlson, Neil R.; C. Donald Heth (2007). Behavioral psychology (4th ed.). Pearson Education Inc. ISBN: 0-205-64524-0. Ã,
External links
- Media related to mood disorder in Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments