The Mohawk (which identifies as Kanien'kehÃÆ'¡: ka ) is the easternmost tribe of Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy. They are native speakers of Iroquoian in North America. Mohawk is historically based in the Mohawk Valley in upstate New York west of the Hudson River; their territory ranges north to St. Lawrence, southern Quebec and east Ontario; south to New Jersey and to Pennsylvania; eastward to the Green Mountains of Vermont; and westward to the border with the traditional Onerian Nation Iroquoian homeland. As one of the five original members of the Iroquois League, Mohawk is known as East Door Keeper. For hundreds of years, they guarded the Iroquois Confederacy against the invasion of that direction by the tribes of New England and the lower New York region. Their current large settlements include the area around Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence River in Canada and New York.
Video Mohawk people
Etimologi
In Mohawk, people say they are from Kanien'kehÃÆ'¡: ka ("flint place"). Mohawk became a wealthy merchant because other countries in their confederations needed their stones for tool making. Algonquian-speaking neighbors (and competitors), people from Muh-heck Haeek Ing ("a food area"), a name translated by the Dutch as Mohican or Mahican , referring to the Ka-nee-en Ka people as Maw Unk Lin , meaning "bear people". The Dutch heard and wrote this term as Mohawk, and also referred to Mohawk as Agil or Maqua .
The French colony adapted this last term as Aignier and Maqui , respectively. They also call people with generic Iroquois, a French derivative of the Algonquian term for the Five Nations, meaning "the serpent". Algonquian and Iroquois are traditional competitors and enemies.
Maps Mohawk people
History since colonization
First contact with European settlers
In the upper reaches of Hudson and the Mohawk Valley, Mohawk has long been in contact with Algerian-speaking Algerians, who occupy territories along the Hudson River, as well as other Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes in the north around the Great Lakes. Mohawk has expanded their own influence into the St. Lawrence, whom they defended because of poaching. They are believed to have defeated St. Lawrence Iroquoians in the 16th century, and keep control of their territory. In addition to hunting and fishing, for centuries Mohawk cultivated a productive maize field in the fertile floodplain along the Mohawk River, west of Pine Bush.
In the seventeenth century, Mohawk met with the Dutch, who went to the Hudson River and established a trading post in 1614 at the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, and France, which came south to their territory from New France (present-day Quebec). The Dutch were mainly traders and the French also traded feathers. Their Jesuit missionaries are active among the First Nations and Native Americans, looking for newly converted Catholics.
In 1614, the Netherlands opened a trading post in Fort Nassau, New Netherland. The Netherlands initially traded for feathers with local Mahican, occupying areas along the Hudson River. After the attack in 1626 when Mohawk settled along the southern side of the Mohawk River, in 1628, they attacked Mahican, pushing them back to the current Connecticut region. The Ka-nee-en Ka (Mohawks) have a close monopoly in wool trade with the Netherlands by forbidding Algonquian tribes nearby to the north or east to trade with them but not fully controlling this.
European contacts resulted in a massive epidemic of smallpox among Mohawks in 1635; this reduces their population by 63%, from 7,740 to 2,830, as they have no immunity to new diseases. In 1642 they had reunited from four into three villages, recorded by the Catholic missionary priest, Isaac Jogues in 1642 as Ossernenon, Andagaron, and Tionontoguen, along the south side of the Mohawk River from east to west. It's recorded by other language speakers with different spellings, and historians have struggled to reconcile multiple accounts, and align them with archaeological studies in various fields. For example, Johannes Megapolensis, a Dutch priest, recorded the spelling of three similar villages to AsseruÃÆ'Â ©, Banagiro, and Thenondiogo. The late 20th century archaeological studies have determined that Ossernenon is located about 9 miles west of the current city of Auriesville; both deviated falsely by a tradition that developed at the end of the nineteenth century in the Catholic Church.
While the Netherlands later established settlements in Schenectady and Schoharie now, further westward in the Mohawk Valley, traders in Fort Nassau continued to control fur trade. Schenectady was founded primarily as an agricultural settlement, where the Dutch took over several former Mohawk corn fields in the plains of flood along the river. Through trade, Mohawk and the Netherlands became a common ally.
During their fellowship, the Mohawks allowed the Protestant Dutch missionary Johannes Megapolensis to enter into their tribe and teach the Christian message. He operated from the Fort Nassau area for about six years, writing notes in 1644 from his observations about Mohawk, their language (which he learned), and their culture. As he recorded the rituals of their prisoner torture, he admitted that their society had several other murders, especially compared to the Dutch in that period.
The trade relations between Mohawk and the Netherlands helped them maintain peace even during the period of Kieft's War and Esopus Wars, as the Dutch fought against local combat with other tribes. In addition, the Dutch trading partners equipped Mohawk with weapons against other First Nations allied to France, including Ojibwe, Huron-Wendat, and Algonquin. In 1645, Mohawk reconciled for a long time with the French, who tried to maintain the feather trade.
During the Pequot War (1634-1638), Pequot and other Algonquian Indians on the New England coast sought an alliance with Mohawk against British colonists in the region. Disturbed by their loss to smallpox, Mohawk rejected the alliance. They killed the Sassacus Pequot sachem who came to them for cover.
In the winter of 1651, Mohawk struck southeast and seized Algonquian in the coast. They take between 500-600 prisoners. In 1664, Pequot of New England murdered a Mohawk ambassador, beginning a war that resulted in the destruction of the Pequot, as Britain and their New England allies entered the conflict, trying to suppress Native Americans in the region. Mohawk also attacked other members of the Pequot Confederation, in a war that lasted until 1671.
In 1666, the French attacked Mohawk in central New York, burning down three Mohawk villages south of the river and stored food supplies. One of the conditions of peace is that Mohawk received Jesuit missionaries. Beginning in 1669, missionaries attempted to convert Mohawk into Christianity, running a mission in Ossernenon, 9 miles west of Auriesville, New York until 1684, when Mohawk destroyed it, killing several priests.
Over time, some of the converted Mohawks moved to the Jesuit mission villages set up in southern Montreal on the St. Joseph River. Lawrence in the early 1700s: Kahnawake (also spelled Caughnawaga , named for the village's name in the Mohawk Valley) and Kanesatake. This Mohawk joins other tribal members but dominates the settlements by number. Many are turning to Roman Catholicism. In the 1740s, Mohawk and the French established another upstream village, known as Akwesasne. Today is Mohawk's reserve, it includes St. Lawrence and the current international boundaries to New York, USA, where it is known as St. Regis Mohawk.
Kateri Tekakwitha, born in Ossernenon in the late 1650s, has been known as Mohawk who entered Catholicism. He moved with relatives to Caughnawaga on the north side of the river after the death of his parents. He is known for his faith and a temple was built for him in New York. At the end of the 20th century, he was beatified and canonized in October 2012 as the first Native American Catholic saint. He is also recognized by Episcopal and Lutheran churches.
After the fall of the New Holland to England in 1664, Mohawk in New York traded with Britain and sometimes acted as their ally. During the War of King Philip, Metacom, sachem of the Wampanoag Pokanoket war, decided to winter with his combatants near Albany in 1675. Encouraged by the British, Mohawk attacked and killed all but 40 of the 400 Pokanoket.
From the 1690s, Protestant missionaries sought to transform Mohawk in the New York colony. Many were baptized with English surnames, while others were given first and second surnames in English.
During the late seventeenth and early 18th centuries, the Mohawk and Algonquian and Abenaki tribes in New England were involved in raids by France and Britain against their respective settlements during the Queen Anne War and other conflicts. They are trading a growing prisoner, holding them for ransom. Both colonial governments generally negotiate for public prisoners, and it is up to local European communities to raise funds to redeem their inhabitants. In some cases, French and Abenaki robbers sent prisoners from New England to Montreal and the Mohawk mission villages. Mohawk in Kahnawake adopted many women and young children to be added to their own members, having suffered losses due to illness and war. For example, among them there are many survivors of over 100 prisoners taken in the Deerfield attack in western Massachusetts. The Deerfield Minister was redeemed and returned to Massachusetts, but his daughter was adopted by the Mohawk family and eventually assimilated and married to Mohawk's man.
During the War of France and India (also known as the Seven Years War), Anglo-Mohawk partnership relations were maintained by people like Sir William Johnson in New York (for the United Kingdom), Conrad Weiser (on behalf of the Pennsylvania colony), and Hendrick Theyanoguin (for Mohawk). Johnson called the Albany Congress in June 1754, to discuss with Iroquois's chiefs repairing broken diplomatic ties between Britain and Mohawk, together with securing their cooperation and support in the fight against France, in engagement in North America.
American Revolutionary War
During the second and third quarters of the 18th century, most Mohawks in the New York Province lived along the Mohawk River in Canajoharie. Some live in Schoharie, and the rest live about 30 miles downstream at Tionondorage Castle, also called Fort Hunter. These two large settlements are traditionally called the Upper and Lower Castles. The Lower Castle is almost adjacent to Sir Peter Warren's Warrensbush. Sir William Johnson, British Inspector of Indian Affairs, built his first house on the north bank of the Mohawk River almost opposite to Warrensbush and founded the Johnstown settlement.
Mohawk was among the four Iroquois tribes allied to England during the American Revolutionary War. They have long trade links with the UK and hope to gain support to ban the colonies from penetrating into their territory in the Mohawk Valley. Joseph Brant acted as head of war and managed to lead raids against British and ethnic British colonizers in the Mohawk Valley, which had been landed by the British government near the rapids in Little Falls, New York today.
Some of the leading Mohawks, such as the Little Abraham sachem (Tyorhansera) at Fort Hunter, remained neutral throughout the war. Joseph Louis Cook (AkiatonharÃÆ'³nkwen), a veteran of the French and Indian War and allies of the rebels, offered his services to America, receiving commission officers from the Continental Congress. He led Oneida's warriors against England. During this war, Johannes Tekarihoga was Mohawk's civilian leader. He died around the year 1780. Catherine Crogan, a clan mother and wife Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant, named his brother Henry Crogan as the new Tekarihoga.
In retaliation for Brant's attacks in the valley, the rebel colonists arranged the Sullivan Expedition. It carried out extensive attacks on other Iroquois settlements in central and western New York, destroying 40 villages, plants and winter stores. Many Mohawk and other Iroquois migrate to Canada to take shelter near Fort Niagara, struggling to survive in winter.
After the Revolution
After the American victory, the British submitted their claims to land in the colonies, and the Americans forced their allies, Mohawk and others, to surrender their territory in New York. Most of the Mohawks migrated to Canada, where the Crown gave them some land as compensation. Mohawk at Upper Palace fled to Fort Niagara, while most of them in Lower Castle went to villages near Montreal.
Joseph Brant leads a large group of Iroquois from New York to a place that is a heritage of the Six States in Grand River, Ontario. Brant continued as Mohawk's political leader for the rest of his life. This land was extended 100 miles from the head of the Grand River to the head of Lake Erie where it was thrown away. Another Mohawk warlord, John Deseronto, led a group of Mohawks to Quinte Bay. Other Mohawks settled around Montreal and upstream, joining established communities (now reserves) in Kahnawake, Kanesatake, and Akwesasne.
On November 11, 1794, representatives of the Mohawks (along with other Iroquois countries) signed the Canandaigua Treaty with the United States, which enabled them to own the land there.
Mohawk fought as a British ally against the United States in the War of 1812.
the 20th century to present
Mohawk has organized more sovereignty in their reserves in Canada, suppressing authority over the people and their land. Tensions with the Provincial Government of Quebec and the national have been strained during certain protests.
In 1993 a group of Akwesasne Mohawk bought 322 hectares of land in the Palatine Town in Montgomery County, New York which they named Kanatsiohareke. This marks the return to their ancestral land.
Mohawk Community today
Members of the Mohawk tribe now live in settlements in the northern states of New York and southeast of Canada. Many Mohawk communities have two sets of heads, which in some ways compete with government rivals. One of the groups was the head of a descendant nominated by the clans of the Clans in the traditional Mohawk fashion. Mohawk from most of the reserves has established a constitution with elected heads and board members, with whom the Canadian and US governments usually prefer exclusively deals. Self-governing communities are listed below, grouped by broad geographic group, with notes about the character of community governance found in each.
- Northern New York:
- KaniÃÆ'¨n: to (Ganienkeh) "The place of the flint". Traditional government.
- Kana'tsioharÃÆ'¨: to "Place of washed bucket". Traditional government.
- With St. Lawrence in Quebec:
- AhkwesÃÆ'¡sne (St. Regis, New York and Quebec/Ontario, Canada) "Where is the partridge drum". Traditional government, band selection/ethnicity.
- KahnawÃÆ': to "In the rapids". Canadian, traditional government, band selection/ethnicity.
- Ka'nehsatÃÆ': to ( Oka ) "Where is the snow crust". Canadian, traditional government, band selection/ethnicity.
- Southern Ontario:
- KenhtÃÆ'¨: to (Tyendinaga) "In the Bay". Traditional government, band selection/ethnicity.
- WÃÆ'¡hta (Gibson) "maple tree". Traditional government, band selection/ethnicity.
- OhswÃÆ' Â ©: ken (Six Nations of the Grand River) "???". Traditional government, band selection/ethnicity. Mohawk formed the majority of the population from the reserves of these six Iroquois countries. There is also the Mohawk Orange Inn in Canada.
Given the growing activism for land claims, increased tribal earnings due to game establishment on certain reserves or reservations, competing leadership, traditional government jurisdiction, taxation matters, and Indian law, the Mohawk community has handled considerable internal conflict since the late 20th century.
Mohawk iron and steel in New York
Mohawk came from Kahnawake and other reserves to work in the construction industry in New York City in the early to mid 20th century. They also work in construction in Quebec. The men were iron and steel workers who helped build bridges and skyscrapers, and the so-called skywalker because they seemed not afraid. They worked from the 1930s through the 1970s on special contract work as specialists and participated in building the Empire State Building. The construction company found that Mohawk's iron workers are not afraid of heights or dangerous conditions. Their contracts offer lower than average wages to First Nations people and union membership is limited. About 10% of all iron workers in the US are Mohawks, down from about 15% at the beginning of the 20th century.
The work and life of the Mohawk steel workers' home was documented in the documentary of Don Rogen's National Film Board of Canada in 1965 High Steel . The Mohawk community formed in the compact area of ​​Brooklyn, which they call "Little Caughnawaga", after their homeland, is documented in Reaghan Tarbell Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back , featured on PBS in 2008. This community most active from the 1920s to the 1960s. The families accompanied the men, who were mostly from Kahnawake; together they will return to Kahnawake during the summer. Tarbell is from Kahnawake and works as a film curator at the National Museum of American Indians, located at the former US Customs House in Lower Manhattan.
Since the mid-20th century, Mohawk has also formed their own construction company. The others returned to the New York project. Skywalkers Mohawk has built a devastated World Trade Center building during the 9/11 attacks, helped save people from burning towers in 2001, and helped unload the remnants of buildings afterwards. About 200 Mohawk iron workers (from 2000 total iron workers on site) participated in rebuilding One World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan. They usually drive 360 ​​miles from the Kahnawake reserve on the River St. Lawrence in Quebec to work a week in Manhattan, and then return on weekends with their families. The Mohawk ironworker portrait option is featured in an online photo essay for Time Magazine in September 2012.
Casino
Both elected leaders and the controversial Warrior Society have encouraged gambling as a means of ensuring tribal independence on Indian reserves or reserves. Customary leaders tend to oppose the game for moral reasons and for fear of corruption and organized crime. Such disputes are also linked to religious divisions: traditional leaders are often associated with the Longhouse tradition, practicing consensus-democratic values, while the Warrior Society has attacked the religion and affirmed its independence. In the meantime, elected leaders tend to be associated (albeit in a much more lenient and general way) with democratic, legislative and Canadian governmental values.
On 15 October 1993, Governor Mario Cuomo entered the "Unity of States between the St. Regis Mohawk and New York State". The Compact allows Tribes to perform gambling, including games such as baccarat, blackjack, craps and roulette, at Akwesasne Reservations in Franklin County under the Indian Game Rules Act (IGRA). Under the terms of 1993, New York State Racing and State Racing Council and Stakes, and Stake Gaming Commission. Regis Mohawk is held with game supervision. Law enforcement responsibilities fall under the state police, with some law enforcement issues being handed over to the tribe. As required by IGRA, this compact is approved by the US Department of State before it is enacted. There are several extensions and changes to this compact, but not all of them are approved by the US Department of State.
On June 12, 2003, the New York Appellate Court confirmed the lower court's ruling that Governor Cuomo exceeded his authority by entering into the absent legislative powers and announcing a compact vacuum. On October 19, 2004, Governor George Pataki signed a legalized bill. by the State Legislature that ratified the compact as nunc pro tunc , with some additional minor changes.
In 2008, the Mohawk Nation worked to get approval to own and operate a casino in Sullivan County, New York, at Monticello Raceway. The US Department of the Interior does not approve of this action even though Mohawk gets the approval of Governor Eliot Spitzer, who is subject to negotiations and approval either amendments to the current compact or new compact. The interior refused Mohawk's application to take this land into trust.
At the beginning of the 21st century, two pending law cases were associated with gambling and Native American land claims in New York. The State of New York has declared the same objection to the Ministry of Home Affairs taking other lands of trust to the federally recognized tribes, which will establish the land as a sovereign United States of the Indigenous States, where they can build new game facilities. Another lawsuit states that the Indian Game Rules Act violates the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as applied in New York State. In 2010 it was delayed in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.
Culture
Religion
The traditional Mohawk religion is largely animistic. "Most religions are based on primordial conflict between good and evil." Many Mohawk continue to follow the Longhouse Religion.
In 1632 a group of Jesuit missionaries now known as Canadian Martyrs led by Isaac Jogues were captured by a Mohawks party and taken to Ossernenon (now Auriesville, New York). Jogues and companies are trying to convert Mohawks to Catholics, but Mohawk takes them captive, tortured and kills them. After their martyrdom, French Jesuit missionaries arrived and many Mohawks were baptized into the Catholic faith. Ten years after the death of Jogus Kateri Tekakwitha, the daughter of a leader Mohawk and Tagaskouita, a Roman Catholic woman Algonquin, was born in Ossernenon and later canonized as the first native American saint. Religion became a tool of conflict between France and Britain in the Mohawk state. Reformed Pastor Godfridius Dellius also preached among the Mohawks.
Mohawk Traditional Dress
The traditional Mohawk hairstyle, and other tribes of Iroquois, is to remove hair from the head by pulling (shaving) a beam with a tuft of hair until the only remaining piece of hair is at the back of the crown of the head.. The remaining hairs were shortened so that three short hair braids were created, and the braids were greatly decorated. This true "Mohawk" hair style does not get confused with the version in popular Western culture, which is actually taken from Pawnee.
The women wore their hair long, often wearing traditional bear oil, or tied back into a single braid. They often wear cover or hat on their heads, even in winter.
In traditional dresses women go topless in the summer and wear a deer skin skirt. In the colder seasons, women wear full forest deer skin dress, and leather underwear. They wear mockins-ankle-seam-seam, ankle-wrap moccasins. They wear some ear piercings decorated with shell earrings and shell necklaces.
The women use a smoked moss layer and dried as an insulating layer of absorption during menstruation, as well as simple pieces of skin. Later, they used cotton pieces, in areas where colonizers provided them through trade.
Mohawk's men wore a leather breech cloth in the summer. In cold weather, they add deer skin leggings and a complete deer skin shirt. They also wore bracelets, shell chains, long hair, and packed moccasins. The men carry a hunting bag of chicken feathers and feathers, and have groups of arms and knees.
During the summer, Mohawk's children traditionally do not wear anything until the age of thirteen. Then ready for the ritual of the warrior or their lady, they take adult clothes.
Then the clothes after European contacts combined some pieces of cloth such as men's ribbon shirts beside deer skin clothes, and wool trousers and skirts. For a while, many Mohawks combine a combination of older clothing styles with newly introduced clothes.
According to the writer KanatÃÆ': ios in RotinonhsiÃÆ'³n: ni Clothing and & amp; Other Cultural Items, Mohawks as part of RotinonhsiÃÆ'³n: ni Confederation "traditionally uses fur derived from forest, which consists of deer and deer, corn skin, and they also weave bushes and tree fibers to produce clothes". Then, the vein or animal intestine is cleaned and prepared as a thread for clothing and shoes and threaded to the hedgehog spines or sharp leg bones to sew or poke the eye pits for threading. Clothing dyes are obtained from various sources such as berries, tree bark, flowers, grass, sometimes repaired with urine. The long-lasting clothing held by older villagers and adults is passed on to others in their families sometimes as gifts, honors, or because people have surpassed them.
Mohawk's clothing sometimes reminds of the design of trade with the neighboring tribes of the First Nation, and more like the other Confederation nations of the Six Nations; However, much of the originality of Mohawk's fashion style is maintained as the basis of the style they wear.
Wedding
The Mohawk nation has a matrilineal kinship system, with offspring and inheritance across the female line. Much respect is given to women because he is the head of the household and controls his property. They regard marriage as a big commitment that must be nurtured and respected. The Mohawk Nation wedding ceremony is performed by a high-ranking man or by a choice partner. The married couple united in a lifetime relationship.
Traditional wedding ceremonies include a day of celebration for newlyweds, formal oration by nobles from women's clans, dances and community festivals, and gifts of respect and honor by members of the community. Traditionally, this gift is a practical item that the couple will use in their daily life.
For wedding clothing, they wear white rabbit skin and fur with personal decoration, usually made by their families. The "Rabbit Dance Song" and other social dance songs are sung by the people, where they use shellfish and then cow horns perched. In "Water Drum", other couples who also want to participate participate in dance with the couple. The food starts after the ceremony and all the participating people eat.
Today, the wedding ceremony can follow the old tradition or incorporate new elements, but it is still used by many Mohawk States who marry couples. Some couples choose to marry in the European way and the way Longhouse, with the Longhouse ceremony usually held first.
Long House
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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